1) Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) transport of
respiratory gases
C) external respiration
D) pulmonary respiration
Answer: B
2) The loudness of a
person's voice depends on the ________.
A) thickness of vestibular
folds
B) length of the vocal
folds
C) strength of the
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
D) force with which air
rushes across the vocal folds
Answer: D
3) The walls of the
alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of
type II is to ________.
A) secrete surfactant
B) trap dust and other
debris
C) replace mucus in the
alveoli
D) protect the lungs from
bacterial invasion
Answer: A
4) Complete the following
statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure
inside the lungs is
A) less than the pressure
in the atmosphere.
B) greater than the
pressure in the atmosphere.
C) equal to the pressure
in the atmosphere.
D) greater than the
intra-alveolar pressure.
Answer: B
5) Unlike inspiration,
expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved.
Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists
those two factors?
A) the recoil of elastic
fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface
tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
B) the expansion of
respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of
surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the negative feedback
of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface
tension due to surfactant
D) combined amount of CO2
in the blood and air in the alveoli
Answer: A
6) Which of the following
maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) surface tension of
water
B) surfactant
C) cartilage rings
D) pseudostratified
ciliated epithelium
Answer: C
7) Intrapulmonary pressure
is the ________.
A) pressure within the
pleural cavity
B) pressure within the
alveoli of the lungs
C) negative pressure in
the intrapleural space
D) difference between
atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
Answer: B
8) The relationship
between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
A) Boyle's law
B) Henry's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law
Answer: A
9) The statement, "in
a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial
pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Dalton's law
D) Charles' law
Answer: C
10) Surfactant helps to
prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) humidifying the air
before it enters
B) warming the air before
it enters
C) interfering with the
cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface
of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
Answer: C
11) For gas exchange to be
efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
A) at least 3 micrometers
thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer
thick
C) between 5 and 6
micrometers thick
D) The thickness of the
respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
Answer: B
12) With the Bohr effect,
more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
A) decrease in pH
(acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH
(acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) increase in pH
(alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) increase in pH
(alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Answer: B
13) The most powerful
respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) loss of oxygen in
tissues
B) increase of carbon
dioxide
C) pH (acidosis)
D) pH (alkalosis)
Answer: B
14) Nerve impulses from
________ will result in inspiration.
A) the ventral respiratory
group
B) the chemoreceptor
center
C) Broca's center
D) the preoptic nucleus of
the hypothalamus
Answer: A
15) In the plasma, the
quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
A) only about 1.5% of the
oxygen carried in dissolved form
B) about equal to the
oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than the oxygen
combined with hemoglobin
D) not present except
where it is combined with carrier molecules
Answer: A
16) Which of the following
statements is incorrect?
A) During fetal life,
lungs are filled with fluid.
B) Respiratory rate is
lowest in newborn infants.
C) Descent of the
diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.
D) The chest wall becomes
more rigid with age.
Answer: B
17) Which of the choices
below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall
and thus collapse the lungs?
A) the natural tendency
for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B) compliance and
transpulmonary pressures
C) the natural tendency
for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) compliance and the
surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Answer: A
18) Which of the following
does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is
initiated?
A) psychic stimuli
B) decrease in lactic acid
levels
C) proprioceptors
D) simultaneous cortical
motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center
Answer: B
19) Which of the following
is not a form of lung cancer?
A) adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma
Answer: B
20) Which of the following
is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) blood pH adjustment
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration
Answer: B
21) Which of the following
is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?
A) Cartilage gradually
decreases and disappears at the bronchioles.
B) Resistance to air flow
increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter.
C) Proportionally, smooth
muscle decreases uniformly.
D) Lining of the tubes
changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.
Answer: B
22) Which of the following
determines lung compliance?
A) airway opening
B) flexibility of the
thoracic cage
C) muscles of inspiration
D) alveolar surface
tension
Answer: D
23) Tidal volume is air
________.
A) remaining in the lungs
after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal
breathing
C) inhaled after normal
inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after
normal expiration
Answer: B
24) Which of the choices
below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
A) solubility in water
B) partial pressure
gradient
C) the temperature
D) molecular weight and
size of the gas molecule
Answer: B
25) Possible causes of
hypoxia include ________.
A) too little oxygen in
the atmosphere
B) obstruction of the
esophagus
C) taking several rapid
deep breaths
D) getting very cold
Answer: A
26) The lung volume that
represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve
volume
Answer: B
27) Because the lungs are
filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true
regarding respiratory exchange?
A) Respiratory exchanges
are made through the ductus arteriosus.
B) Respiratory exchanges
are not necessary.
C) Respiratory exchanges
are made through the placenta.
D) Because the lungs
develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory
exchange.
Answer: C
28) Which of the following
is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) rising carbon dioxide
levels
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po2 below 60
mm Hg
D) arterial pH resulting
from CO2 retention
Answer: B
29) Respiratory control
centers are located in the ________.
A) midbrain and medulla
B) medulla and pons
C) pons and midbrain
D) upper spinal cord and
medulla
Answer: B
30) The amount of air that
can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
A) reserve air
B) expiratory reserve
C) inspiratory reserve
D) vital capacity
Answer: C
31) Which statement about
CO2 is incorrect?
A) Its concentration in
the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
B) Its accumulation in the
blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C) More CO2 dissolves in
the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) CO2 concentrations are
greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
Answer: C
32) Oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) filtration
D) active transport
Answer: B
33) Select the correct
statement about the pharynx.
A) The pharyngeal tonsil
is located in the laryngopharynx.
B) The auditory tube
drains into the nasopharynx.
C) The laryngopharynx
blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils
are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
Answer: B
34) The larynx contains
________.
A) the thyroid cartilage
B) a cricoid cartilage
also called the Adam's apple
C) an upper pair of
avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
D) lateral cartilage
ridges called false vocal folds
Answer: A
35) Which
respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
A) diaphragm would
contract, external intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals
and abdominal muscles would contract
C) external intercostals
would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) diaphragm contracts,
internal intercostals would relax
Answer: B
36) How is the bulk of
carbon dioxide carried in blood?
A) chemically combined
with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood
cells
B) as the bicarbonate ion
in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C) as carbonic acid in the
plasma
D) chemically combined
with the heme portion of hemoglobin
Answer: B
37) Which of the following
is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
A) middle lobe
B) cardiac notch
C) horizontal fissure
D) oblique fissure
Answer: B
38) Which of the choices
below is not a role of the pleura?
A) allows the lungs to
inflate and deflate without friction
B) helps divide the
thoracic cavity into three chambers
C) helps limit the spread
of local infections
D) aids in blood flow to
and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Answer: D
40) Factors that influence
the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
A) thalamic control
B) voluntary cortical
control
C) stretch receptors in
the alveoli
D) composition of alveolar
air
Answer: B
41) Which of the following
provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
Answer: B
42) The respiratory
membrane is a combination of ________.
A) respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar ducts
B) alveolar and capillary
walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar sacs
Answer: B
43) Gas emboli may occur
because a ________.
A) person holds his breath
too long
B) diver holds his breath
upon ascent
C) pilot holds her breath
upon descent
D) person breathes pure
oxygen in a pressurized chamber
Answer: B
44) Inspiratory capacity
is ________.
A) the total amount of air
that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
B) the total amount of
exchangeable air
C) functional residual
capacity
D) air inspired after a
tidal inhalation
Answer: A
45) Which center is
located in the pons?
A) pontine respirator
group (PRG)
B) expiratory
C) inspiratory
D) pacemaker neuron center
Answer: A
46) The nose serves all
the following functions except ________.
A) as a passageway for air
movement
B) as the initiator of the
cough reflex
C) warming and humidifying
the air
D) cleansing the air
Answer: B
47) A premature baby
usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed
enough for survival by ________.
A) 17 weeks
B) 24 weeks
C) 28 weeks
D) 36 weeks
Answer: C
48) Which of the following
statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
A) The respiratory rate of
a newborn is slow.
B) The respiratory rate of
a newborn varies between male and female infants.
C) The respiratory rate of
a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of
a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
Answer: D
49) Select the correct
statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.
A) The pons is thought to
be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
B) The dorsal respiratory
group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of
breathing.
C) The pontine respirator
group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive.
D) The ventral respiratory
group is contained within the pons.
Answer: A
50) Which of the choices
below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from
hemoglobin?
A) partial pressure of
oxygen
B) temperature
C) partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
D) number of red blood
cells
Answer: D
51) The factors
responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
A) the smooth muscles of
the lung
B) the diaphragm and the
intercostal muscles alone
C) the visceral pleurae
and the changing volume of the lungs
D) surface tension from
pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Answer: D
52) The erythrocyte count
increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude
because the ________.
A) temperature is lower at
higher altitudes
B) basal metabolic rate is
higher at high altitudes
C) concentration of oxygen
and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D) concentration of oxygen
and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Answer: D
53) Most inspired
particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
A) ciliated mucous lining
in the nose
B) abundant blood supply
to nasal mucosa
C) porous structure of
turbinate bones
D) action of the
epiglottis
Answer: A
54) Which of the following
is not possible?
A) Gas flow equals
pressure gradient over resistance.
B) Pressure gradient
equals gas flow over resistance.
C) Resistance equals
pressure gradient over gas flow.
D) The amount of gas
flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in
pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
Answer: B
55) Select the correct
statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A decrease in
compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) A lung that is less
elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
C) As alveolar surface
tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
D) Surfactant helps
increase alveolar surface tension.
Answer: C
56) Select the correct
statement about oxygen transport in blood:
A) During normal activity,
a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
B) During conditions of
acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
C) Increased BPG levels in
the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
D) A 50% oxygen saturation
level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
than normal.
Answer: D
57) Which of the disorders
below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing
abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
A) pneumonia
B) tuberculosis
C) emphysema
D) coryza
Answer: C
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