1) What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross
and dihybrid cross?
A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a
dihybrid cross involves two parents.
B) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas
a dihybrid cross produces two progeny.
C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are
heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid cross involves only one.
D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation,
whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations.
E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas
a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.
Answer: C
2) Why did the F₁ offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross
always look like one of the two parental varieties?
A) No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.
B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression.
C) The traits blended together during fertilization.
D) One phenotype was completely dominant over another.
E) Different genes interacted to produce the parental
phenotype.
Answer: D
3) What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor
Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?
A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden
peas.
B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not
the results of "blending."
C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F₁
generation than do dominant ones.
D) Genes are composed of DNA.
E) An organism that is homozygous for many recessive
traits is at a disadvantage.
Answer: B
4) How many unique gametes could be produced through
independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64
Answer: B
5) The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many
kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?
A) segregation of maternal and paternal alleles
B) recurrent mutations forming new alleles
C) crossing over during prophase I
D) different possible alignments of chromosomes
E) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate
together
Answer: D
6) Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the
F₂ or F₃ generation?
A) to obtain a larger number of offspring on which to
base statistics
B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would
reappear
C) to observe whether or not the dominant trait would
reappear
D) to distinguish which alleles were segregating
E) to be able to describe the frequency of recombination
Answer: B
7) Which of the following differentiates between
independent assortment and segregation?
A) The law of independent assortment requires describing
two or more genes relative to one another.
B) The law of segregation requires describing two or more
genes relative to one another.
C) The law of segregation requires having two or more
generations to describe.
D) The law of independent assortment is accounted for by
observations of prophase I.
E) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase of
mitosis.
Answer: A
8) Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a
3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest?
A) that the parents were true-breeding for contrasting
traits
B) that the trait shows incomplete dominance
C) that a blending of traits has occurred
D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single
trait
E) that each offspring has the same alleles for each of
two traits
Answer: D
9) A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes,
one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which
of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
A) tt
B) Hh
C) HhTt
D) T
E) HT
Answer: E
10) When crossing an organism that is homozygous
recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of
producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%
Answer: C
11) Mendel accounted for the observation that traits
which had disappeared in the F₁ generation reappeared in the F₂ generation by
proposing that
A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F₂
progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F₁.
B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was
different between the F₁ and the F₂ plants.
C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive
traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F₁.
D) the traits were lost in the F₁ due to dominance of the
parental traits.
E) members of the F₁ generation had only one allele for
each trait, but members of the F₂ had two alleles for each trait.
Answer: C
12) The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits
studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably
indicates which of the following?
A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.
B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants
was 7.
C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located
on the same chromosome.
D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if
they were on different chromosomes.
E) The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis
only.
Answer: D
13) Mendel was able to draw his ideas of segregation and
independent assortment because of the influence of which of the following?
A) His reading and discussion of Darwin's Origin of
Species.
B) The understanding of particulate inheritance he
learned from renowned scientists of his time.
C) His discussions of heredity with his colleagues at
major universities.
D) His experiments with the breeding of plants such as
peas and fuchsia.
E) His reading of the scientific literature current in
the field.
Answer: E
14) Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in
gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell
division?
A) prophase I of meiosis
B) anaphase II of meiosis
C) metaphase I of meiosis
D) anaphase I of meiosis
E) anaphase of mitosis
Answer: D
15) Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its
basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?
A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes
B) crossing over
C) alignment of tetrads at the equator
D) separation of homologs at anaphase
E) separation of cells at telophase
Answer: C
16) Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b).
Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of
crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?
A) 1/16
B) 3/16
C) 3/8
D) 1/2
E) 9/16
Answer: D
17) In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a
heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the
probability that the offspring will be short?
A) 1
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1/6
E) 0
Answer: E
18) In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability
of producing the genotype AABBCC?
A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 1/16
D) 1/32
E) 1/64
Answer: E
19) Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple
dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the
progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?
A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 3/4
D) 3/8
E) 1
Answer: C
20) Which of the following is the best statement of the
use of the addition rule of probability?
A) the probability that two or more independent events
will both occur
B) the probability that two or more independent events
will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents
C) the probability that either one of two independent
events will occur
D) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous
offspring
E) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more
meiotic events
Answer: C
21) Which of the following calculations require that you
utilize the addition rule?
A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the
cross AaBb × AaBb, when B is the symbol for black.
B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic
fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each heterozygous for both genes.
C) Calculate the probability of each of four children
having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both heterozygous.
D) Calculate the probability of a child having either
sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for
both.
E) Calculate the probability of purple flower color in a
plot of 50 plants seeded from a self-fertilizing heterozygous parent plant.
Answer: D
22) In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white
hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr)
homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the
ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white?
A) red × white
B) roan × roan
C) white × roan
D) red × roan
E) The answer cannot be determined from the information
provided.
Answer: B
23) Which of the following describes the ability of a
single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?
A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) pleiotropy
D) epistasis
Answer: C
24) Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the
digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from
breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms
best describes this?
A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) pleiotropy
D) epistasis
E) codominance
Answer: C
25) Which of the following is an example of polygenic
inheritance?
A) pink flowers in snapdragons
B) the ABO blood group in humans
C) Huntington's disease in humans
D) white and purple flower color in peas
E) skin pigmentation in humans
Answer: E
26) Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in
a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink
flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?
A) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved
B) the allele for blue hydrangea being completely
dominant
C) the alleles being codominant
D) the fact that a mutation has occurred
E) environmental factors such as soil pH
Answer: E
27) Which of the following provides an example of
epistasis?
A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb)
results in an albino corn snake.
B) The allele b17 produces a dominant phenotype, although
b1 through b16 do not.
C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (cc)
prevents any fur color from developing.
D) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to
an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes.
E) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of
spines.
Answer: C
28) Most genes have many more than two alleles. However,
which of the following is also true?
A) At least one allele for a gene always produces a
dominant phenotype.
B) Most of the alleles will never be found in a live-born
organism.
C) All of the alleles but one will produce harmful
effects if homozygous.
D) There may still be only two phenotypes for the trait.
E) More than two alleles in a genotype is considered lethal.
Answer: D
29) How could you best predict the maximum number of
alleles for a single gene whose polypeptide product is known?
A) Search the population for all phenotypic variants of
this polypeptide.
B) Count the number of amino acids in the polypeptide.
C) Mate all known genotypes and collect all possible
offspring different from the parents.
D) Measure the rate of new mutations in the species and
estimate the number since it first evolved.
E) Count the number of DNA nucleotides that are in the
code for the polypeptides.
Answer: E
30) An ideal procedure for fetal testing in humans would
have which of the following features?
A) the procedure that can be performed at the earliest
time in the pregnancy
B) lowest risk procedure that would provide the most
reliable information
C) the procedure that can test for the greatest number of
traits at once
D) a procedure that provides a three-dimensional image of
the fetus
E) a procedure that could test for the carrier status of
the fetus
Answer: A
31) A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele
of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an
effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Of the following,
which is the best use of this discovery?
A) Screen all newborns of an at-risk population.
B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of
the allele.
C) Introduce a normal allele into deficient newborns.
D) Follow the segregation of the allele during meiosis.
E) Test school-age children for the disorder.
Answer: B
32) An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a
pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable
biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer
which of the following procedures to her patient?
A) CVS
B) ultrasound imaging
C) amniocentesis
D) blood transfusion
E) X-ray
Answer: C
33) The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell
anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency
of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following?
A) Mendel's law of independent assortment
B) Mendel's law of segregation
C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection
D) Darwin's observations of competition
E) the malarial parasite changing the allele
Answer: C
34) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive human disorder
in which an individual cannot appropriately metabolize a particular amino acid.
The amino acid is not otherwise produced by humans. Therefore, the most
efficient and effective treatment is which of the following?
A) Feed them the substrate that can be metabolized into
this amino acid.
B) Transfuse the patients with blood from unaffected
donors.
C) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to severely
limit the uptake of the amino acid.
D) Feed the patients the missing enzymes in a regular
cycle, such as twice per week.
E) Feed the patients an excess of the missing product.
Answer: C
35) Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare
human genetic disorder in which there is very early senility and death, usually
from coronary artery disease, at an average age of approximately 13. Patients,
who look very old even as children, do not live to reproduce. Which of the following
represents the most likely assumption?
A) All cases must occur in relatives; therefore, there
must be only one mutant allele.
B) Successive generations of a family will continue to
have more and more cases over time.
C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single
protein-coding gene.
D) Each patient will have had at least one affected
family member in a previous generation.
E) The disease is autosomal dominant.
Answer: C
36) One of two major forms of a human condition called
neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range
from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her
family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation?
A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it at
all.
B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the
gene.
C) The condition skipped a generation in the family.
D) The child has a different allele of the gene than the
parents.
Answer: B
37. In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by
gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and
plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A
true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F₁
offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F₂ is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure Where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent
the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with
dark leaves?
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 4 only
E) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: E
38. In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by
gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and
plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A
true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F₁
offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F₂ is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure Where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent
the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes correspond to plants with a
heterozygous genotype?
A) 1
B) 1 and 2
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 2 and 3
E) 2, 3, and 4
Answer: D
39. In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by
gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and
plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A
true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F₁
offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F₂ is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure Where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent
the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the plants will be true-breeding?
A) 1 and 4 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1 only
E) 1 and 2 only
Answer: A
40. The following question refer to the pedigree chart in
Figure
for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle.
What is the genotype of individual II-5?
A) WW
B) Ww
C) ww
D) WW or ww
E) ww or Ww
Answer: C
41. The following question refer to the pedigree chart in
Figure for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W.
Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle.
What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4
will have the trait?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%
Answer: C
42. The following question refer to the pedigree chart in
Figure for a family, some of whose
members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a
dark square or circle.
What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww?
A) 3/4
B) 1/4
C) 2/4
D) 2/3
E) 1
Answer: E
43. Use the following pedigree (Figure ) for a family in
which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types
of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time
of diagnosis.
What is the genotype of the deceased individual in
generation II?
A) homozygous for a gene for colon cancer
B) homozygous for both cancer alleles from his mother
C) heterozygous for a gene for colon cancer
D) affected by the same colon cancer environmental factor
as his mother
E) carrier of all of the several known genes for colon
cancer
Answer: C
44. Use the following pedigree (Figure ) for a family in
which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types
of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time
of diagnosis.
In each generation of this family after generation I, the
age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial
(sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason?
A) Members of this family know to be checked for colon
cancer early in life.
B) Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer
typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms.
C) This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you
were to look at a different family.
D) This cancer requires mutations in more than this one
gene.
E) Affected members of this family are born with colon
cancer, and it can be detected whenever they are first tested.
Answer: B
45. Use the following pedigree (Figure ) for a family in
which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types
of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time
of diagnosis.
From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be
inherited?
A) from mothers
B) as an autosomal recessive
C) as a result of epistasis
D) as an autosomal dominant
E) as an incomplete dominant
Answer: D
46. Use the following pedigree (Figure ) for a family in
which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types
of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time
of diagnosis.
The affected woman in generation IV is thinking about her
future and asks her oncologist (cancer specialist) whether she can know whether
any or all of her children will have a high risk of the same cancer. The doctor
would be expected to advise which of the following?
I. genetic counseling
II. prenatal diagnosis when/if she becomes pregnant
III. testing to see whether she has the allele
IV. testing to see whether her future spouse or partner
has the allele
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II only
D) I, II, and III only
E) III and IV only
Answer: C
47. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed.
One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers;
all F₁ individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and
location assort independently.
If 1,000 F₂
offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you
expect to have red, terminal flowers?
A) 65
B) 190
C) 250
D) 565
E) 750
Answer: B
48. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed.
One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers;
all F₁ individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and
location assort independently.
Among the F₂ offspring, what is the probability of plants
with white axial flowers?
A) 9/16
B) 1/16
C) 3/16
D) 1/8
E) 1/4
Answer: C
49. Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a
cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black
puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
These results
indicate which of the following?
A) Brown is dominant to black.
B) Black is dominant to brown and to yellow.
C) Yellow is dominant to black.
D) There is incomplete dominance.
E) Epistasis is involved.
Answer: E
50. Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a
cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black
puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors
in Labrador retrievers?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: B
51. Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a
cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black
puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
In one type cross of black × black, the results were as
follows:
9/16 black
4/16 yellow
3/16 brown
The genotype aabb must result in which of the following?
A) black
B) brown
C) yellow
D) a lethal result
E) white
Answer: C
52. Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross
between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple
offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being
the dominant characteristic.
If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with
true-breeding white oval radishes, the F₁ will be expected to be which of the
following?
A) red and long
B) red and oval
C) white and long
D) purple and long
E) purple and oval
Answer: D
53. Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross
between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple
offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being
the dominant characteristic.
In the F₂
generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would
be expected?
A) 9:3:3:1
B) 9:4:3
C) 1:1:1:1
D) 1:1:1:1:1:1
E) 6:3:3:2:1:1
Answer: E
54. Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross
between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple
offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being
the dominant characteristic.
The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which
of the following?
A) a multiple allelic system
B) sex linkage
C) codominance
D) incomplete dominance
E) epistasis
Answer: D
55. Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+)
but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial
wings (vg).
If a homozygous
bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the
following offspring would you expect?
A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes
B) 1/2 bent and 1/2 vestigial flies
C) all homozygous + flies
D) 3/4 bent to 1/4 vestigial ratio
E) 1/2 bent and vestigial to 1/2 normal
Answer: A
56. Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+)
but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial
wings (vg).
If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing
gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of
offspring with bent wings only?
A) 1/8
B) 3/8
C) 1/4
D) 9/16
E) 3/16
Answer: E
57. Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness
(t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous
condition results in pink (Rr) flower color.
A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant
homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype
of the F1 individuals?
A) ttRr—dwarf and pink
B) ttrr—dwarf and white
C) TtRr—tall and red
D) TtRr—tall and pink
E) TTRR—tall and red
Answer: D
58. Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness
(t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous
condition results in pink (Rr) flower color.
If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for
flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio?
A) 9:3:3:1
B) 6:3:3:2:1:1
C) 1:2:1
D) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
E) 9:4:3
Answer: B
59. Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited
via a single gene with four different alleles.
How many different types of gametes would be possible in
this system?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 16
Answer: C
60. Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited
via a single gene with four different alleles.
One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its
mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color
darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what
proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color?
A) 1/4
B) 1/5
C) 1/8
D) 1/2
E) 0
Answer: D
61. Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of
cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas
homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second
gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive
nn cactuses have no spines at all.
The relationship between genes S and N is an example of
A) incomplete dominance.
B) epistasis.
C) complete dominance.
D) pleiotropy.
E) codominance.
Answer: B
62. Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of
cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas
homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second
gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive
nn cactuses have no spines at all.
A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a
spineless cactus would produce
A) all sharp-spined progeny.
B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny.
C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless
progeny.
D) all spineless progeny.
E) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the
progeny.
Answer: A
63. Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of
cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas
homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second
gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive
nn cactuses have no spines at all.
If doubly
heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would
segregate in which of the following ratios?
A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless
B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless
C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless
D) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined
E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless
Answer: E
64. Feather color in budgies is determined by two
different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside
of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or
Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.
A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of
the following results is not possible?
A) green offspring only
B) yellow offspring only
C) blue offspring only
D) green and yellow offspring
E) a 9:3:3:1 ratio
Answer: D
65. Feather color in budgies is determined by two
different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside
of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or
Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.
Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they
produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely
genotypes for the two blue budgies?
A) yyBB and yyBB
B) yyBB and yyBb
C) yyBb and yyBb
D) yyBB and yybb
E) yyBb and yybb
Answer: C
66. A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter
who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait
that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R
and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles
M and N.
Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for
the son?
A) IBIB
B) IBIA
C) ii
D) IBi
E) IAIA
Answer: D
67. A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter
who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait
that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R
and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles
M and N.
Which of the following is a possible genotype for the
mother?
A) IAIA
B) IBIB
C) ii
D) IAi
E) IAIB
Answer: D
68. A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter
who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait
that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R
and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles
M and N.
Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the
father?
A) A negative
B) O negative
C) B positive
D) AB negative
E) impossible to determine
Answer: C
69. A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter
who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait
that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R
and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles
M and N.
If both children are of blood type M, which of the
following is possible?
A) Each parent is either M or MN.
B) Each parent must be type M.
C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene.
D) Neither parent can have the N allele.
E) The MN blood group is recessive to the ABO blood group.
Answer: A
70. Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a
hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure
similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.
One species of a small birdlike animal has an extremely
variable tail length, which is a highly polymorphic trait. Geneticists have
come to realize that there are eight separate genes for tail length per haploid
genome, with each gene having two alleles. One allele for each gene (a, b, and
so on) increases the length by 1 cm, whereas the other allele (a2, b2, and so
on) increases it by 0.5 cm. One bird was analyzed and found to have the
following genotype:
a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2
What is the length of its tail?
A) 6 cm
B) 8 cm
C) 12 cm
D) 24 cm
E) 36 cm
Answer: C
71. Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a
hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure
similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.
One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a
spine-coated stem, and purple cup-shaped flowers, is found to be
self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species?
A) The species must be haploid.
B) Its reproduction is asexual.
C) All members of the species have the same genotype.
D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits.
E) All of its dominant traits are most frequent.
Answer: D
72. Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a
hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure
similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.
72) If the environmental parameters, such as temperature,
humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the
following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers?
A) The genes for them would have originated on Earth.
B) Genes for these traits would have a common ancestor
with those from Earth.
C) Such plants could be safely eaten by humans.
D) Genotypes for these traits would be identical to Earth
plants with the same traits.
E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these
environmental factors.
Answer: E
73. Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a
hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure
similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.
Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of
the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and
thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened
arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which
of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this
information?
A) It is recessive.
B) It is dominant.
C) It has a late age of onset (> 60).
D) It is pleiotropic.
E) It is epistaticAnswer : D.
