1) In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest
source of stored chemical energy in the body is
A) fat in adipose tissue.
B) glucose in the blood.
C) protein in muscle cells.
D) glycogen in muscle cells.
E) calcium phosphate in bone.
Answer: A
2) Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the
greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as
A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.
Answer: E
3) Certain nutrients are considered "essential"
in the diets of some animals because
A) only those animals use those nutrients.
B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C) these animals are not able to synthesize these
nutrients.
D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E) only certain foods contain them.
Answer: C
4) To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require
dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as
"nonessential" would be best described as one that
A) can be made by the animal's body from other
substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
E) is not found in many proteins.
Answer: A
5) Which pair correctly associates a physiological
process with the appropriate vitamin?
A) blood clotting and vitamin C
B) normal vision and vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D) protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E) production of white blood cells and vitamin K
Answer: B
6) The fat-soluble vitamins include
A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B12.
C) vitamin C.
D) iodine.
E) calcium.
Answer: A
7) Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process
with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?
A) maintenance of bone and calcium
B) cofactor in enzymes that make ATP and magnesium
C) thyroid hormone synthesis and iron
D) nucleic acid synthesis and sulfur
E) glucose homeostasis and iodine
Answer: A
8) A general rule relating the capacity of a specific
animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for
biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP
production, is that the animal should have access to
A) a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein.
C) a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids,
especially water.
D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for
the species.
E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals.
Answer: D
9. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and
minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is
A) that it would be chemically impossible to add more.
B) these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to
reach 100%.
C) it is too easy to overdose on minerals such as
phosphorus and calcium.
D) it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins
such as A and K.
E) these supplements are meant for those who have been
deprived of healthy foods.
Answer: D
10. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
A mineral that is especially important for preventing
anemia is
A) zinc.
B) iron.
C) iodine.
D) molybdenum.
E) folic acid.
Answer: B
11. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
Folic acid supplements have become especially
important for pregnant women because
A) folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women
can use.
B) the folic acid is stored in adipose tissue by pregnant
women so supplements are needed to make more available in the circulation.
C) the fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube
abnormalities in a fetus.
E) folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart
abnormalities in a newborn.
Answer: D
12. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic
levels is associated with
A) excessive blood volume.
B) a liver abnormality that results in a decreased number
of red blood cells.
C) various forms of inherited or acquired anemia.
D) the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.
E) menstruation and menopause.
Answer: D
13. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol,
whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes
A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) are excludible intracellular processes in most
organisms.
C) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the
pH.
E) require ATP as an energy source.
Answer: C
14. Use the following table showing the contents of a
multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to
answer the following questions.
Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes
to be used by the body, a process known as
A) ingestion.
B) digestion.
C) hydrolysis.
D) absorption.
E) elimination.
Answer: D
15) In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of
peptides is usually immediately preceded by
A) hydrolysis.
B) endocytosis.
C) absorption.
elimination.
E) secretion.
Answer: B
16) The large surface area in the gut directly
facilitates
A) secretion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation.
Answer: B
17) An advantage of a complete digestive system over a
gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system
A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B) allows specialized functions in specialized regions.
C) allows digestive enzymes to be more specific.
D) allows extensive branching.
E) facilitates intracellular digestion.
Answer: B
18) Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a
A) gastric cecae.
B) larynx.
C) crop.
D) pharynx.
E) epiglottis.
Answer: C
19) Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed
largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for
A) elimination.
B) dehydration synthesis.
C) enzymatic hydrolysis.
D) regurgitation.
E) demineralization.
Answer: C
20) In the digestive system, peristalsis is
A) a process of fat emulsification in the small
intestine.
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating
defecation.
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the
hepatic portal vessel.
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and
dehydration.
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the
esophagus.
Answer: E
21) After ingestion by humans, the first category of
macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) cholesterol and other lipids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) minerals.
Answer: B
22) Salivary amylase digests
A) protein.
B) starches.
C) monosaccharides.
D) glucose.
E) maltose.
Answer: B
23) Among mammals, it is generally true that
A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in
the mouth.
B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the
larynx.
C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering
the trachea.
D) the esophagus is a key source of digestive enzymes.
E) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the
stomach.
Answer: C
24) Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are
characteristic of the
A) small intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.
E) mouth.
Answer: B
25) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that
A) is manufactured by the pancreas.
B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C) splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with
low pH.
Answer: D
26) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of
the parietal cells
A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the
stomach.
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the
stomach.
D) include pepsinogen.
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small
intestine.
Answer: A
27) The bile salts
A) are enzymes.
B) are manufactured by the pancreas.
C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.
Answer: C
28) Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into
the lymph or bloodstream as
A) disaccharides.
B) polymers.
C) monomers.
D) enzymes.
E) peptides.
Answer: C
29) An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment
is
A) amylase.
B) pepsin.
C) gastrin.
D) trypsin.
E) sucrose.
Answer: B
30) The absorption of fats differs from that of
carbohydrates in that the
A) processing of fats does not require any digestive
enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B) fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas
carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be
digested, whereas fats do not.
D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system,
whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria
before absorption.
Answer: D
31) A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the
blood after a typical meal is
A) sucrose.
B) maltose.
C) fatty acid.
D) dipeptide.
E) trinucleotide.
Answer: C
32) For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration
in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.
A) abdominal artery
B) coronary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) hepatic portal vessel
E) jugular vein
Answer: D
33) Glandular secretions that are released initially as
inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the
A) protein-digesting enzymes.
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts.
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate.
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.
E) hormones such as gastrin.
Answer: A
34) Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of
large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish
nutritional balance without need for a
A) liver.
B) pancreas.
C) intestine.
D) stomach.
E) gallbladder.
Answer: D
35) Constipation can result from the consumption of a
substance that
A) contains plenty of fiber.
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E) stimulates peristalsis.
Answer: B
36) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux
disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by
A) pH monitoring.
B) X-ray technology.
C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
D) colonoscopy.
E) sonography.
Answer: C
37) A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional
relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach
would be most likely to increase the frequency of
A) gastric reflux.
B) premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C) excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D) increased stomach pH.
E) retention of food in the stomach.
Answer: A
38) A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to
human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial
A) production of vitamins A and C.
B) generation of gases needed for elimination.
C) absorption of organic materials.
D) production of vitamin K.
E) recovery of water from fecal matter.
Answer: D
39) The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach
are
A) the chief cells of the stomach.
B) the parietal cells of the stomach.
C) not needed for the transformation of pepsinogen to
pepsin.
D) in the lumen of the stomach.
E) adding secretions along the esophagus.
Answer: D
40) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the
acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having
A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori.
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of
epithelial cells.
C) a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D) a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.
Answer: B
41) The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially
effective at
A) cutting.
B) ripping.
C) grinding.
D) splitting.
E) piercing.
Answer: C
42) A group of animals among which a relatively long
cecum is likely to be found is the
A) carnivores.
B) herbivores.
C) autotrophs.
D) heterotrophs.
E) omnivores.
Answer: B
43) The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include
A) broad, flat molars.
B) a rumen.
C) ingestion of feces.
D) bile salts.
E) amylase.
Answer: D
44) Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting
almost entirely of plant material because
A) they are autotrophic.
B) cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces.
C) they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in
the liver.
D) cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting
cellulose.
E) they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic
microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.
Answer: E
45) Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a
vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to
A) the position of muscle attachment sites.
B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C) the size of the mouth opening.
D) the evidence of food molecules still present.
E) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.
Answer: B
46) An enlarged cecum is typical of
A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
B) carnivorous animals.
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts.
D) humans and other primates.
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.
Answer: A
47) Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal
material, is important for the nutritional balance of
A) ruminants such as cows.
B) insects and arthropods.
C) rabbits and their relatives.
D) squirrels and some rodents.
E) very large animals, such as elephants.
Answer: C
48) PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in
which infants and young children who ingest the amino acid phenylalanine risk
serious neurological damage. However, the risk of damage can be substantially
reduced by the severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the
following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive
treatment?
A) enzymatic hydrolysis
B) essential nutrients
C) symbiosis
D) dehydration synthesis
E) structural anatomy of the brain
Answer: B
49) When the digestion and absorption of organic
molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required
by an animal, the excess is
A) eliminated in the feces.
B) stored as starch in the liver.
C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D) oxidized and converted to ATP.
E) hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.
Answer: C
50) Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood
of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)
A) increase in the secretion of insulin.
B) increase in the secretion of glucagon.
C) increase in the secretion of both insulin and
glucagon.
D) decrease in the secretion of both insulin and
glucagon.
E) increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones.
Answer: B
51) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those
provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?
A) fat, then glycogen, then protein
B) glycogen, then protein, then fat
C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen
E) fat, then protein, then glycogen
Answer: C
52) Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to
A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
B) type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
C) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
E) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.
Answer: D
53) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure
above.
The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 9
Answer: E
54) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure
above.
The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)
A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.
Answer: B
55) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure
above.
Most of the digestion of fats occurs in section(s)
A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.
Answer: B
56) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure
above.
Bacteria that produce vitamins as products are residents of location
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 7.
E) 8.
Answer: C
57. Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and
eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The
db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety
factor.
Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a
very obese mouse would be expected to have
A) increased gene expression of ob and decreased
expression of db.
B) increased gene expression of db and decreased
expression of ob.
C) decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D) mutation of ob or db.
Answer: D
58. Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and
eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The
db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety
factor.
Many obese humans produce normal or increased levels
of leptin without satiety, so the search for healthy regulation of food intake
should focus on
A) providing supplementary leptin.
B) inactivation of leptin.
C) overexpression of the leptin receptor gene.
D) eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.
E) inhibition of leptin receptors.
Answer: D
59) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired
with its feeding mechanism?
A) lionsubstrate feeder
B) baleen whalesuspension feeder
C) aphidfluid feeder
D) clamsuspension feeder
E) snakebulk feeder
Answer: A
60) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to
the
A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pharynx.
D) rectum.
E) epiglottis.
Answer: C
61) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired
with its function?
A) stomachprotein digestion
B) oral cavitystarch digestion
C) large intestinebile
production
D) small intestinenutrient
absorption
E) pancreasenzyme production
Answer: C
62) Which of the following is not a major activity of the
stomach?
A) mechanical digestion
B) HCl secretion
C) mucus secretion
D) nutrient absorption
E) enzyme secretion
Answer: D
63) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a
person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of
A) starch.
B) protein.
C) sugar.
D) fat.
E) water.
Answer: D
64) If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch,
which stored fuel would you probably tap?
A) muscle proteins
B) muscle and liver glycogen
C) fat stored in the liver
D) fat stored in adipose tissue
E) blood proteins
Answer: B
