1. An antigen is
a. a protein molecule that helps defend the body against
disease.
b. a type of white blood cell.
c. an invading virus or bacterium.
d. a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by
a lymphocyte.
e. a body cell attacked by an invading microorganism.
2. How do memory cells differ from effector cells?
a. Memory cells are more numerous.
b. Memory cells are responsible for the primary immune
response.
c. Memory cells combat antigens; effector cells do not.
d. Memory cells live longer.
e. Memory cells are capable of producing antibodies.
3. Following tissue damage or the entry of
microorganisms, an inflammatory response may be initiated by
a. the accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area.
b. the release of interferon by infected cells.
c. an increased blood flow in an infected or injured
area.
d. the ensuing fever.
e. the release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged
cells.
4. Which of the following could be considered a
nonspecific defense?
a. Intact
skin creates a barrier that cannot normally be penetrated by bacteria or
viruses.
b. Secretions
from sebaceous and sweat glands give the skin an acidic pH that prevents
bacterial colonization.
c. Tears,
saliva, and mucous secretions contain lysozome, an enzyme that digests the
bacterial cell wall.
d. Mucus
traps microbes and other particles that contact it.
e. all
of the above
5. During a secondary immune response
a. selected
B cells generate antibody-producing effector B cells called plasma cells.
b. the
stricken individual may become ill.
c. about
10 to 17 days are required from exposure to maximum effector response.
d. the
generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the
primary immune response.
e. all
of the above
6. Most individuals infected with HIV
a. can live for 15 to 20 years.
b. never develop AIDS.
c. die from autoimmune reactions.
d. suffer from increased sensitivity to foreign antigens.
e. die from other infections or cancer.
7. Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make
sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible.
a. T cells
b. antibodies
c. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
d. histamines
e. B cells
8. A vaccine contains
a. white blood cells that fight infection.
b. antibodies that recognize invading microbes.
c. inactivated disease-causing microbes.
d. a hormone that boosts immunity.
e. lymphocyte antigens.
9. When you are immune to a disease,
a. antibodies against the disease are constantly
circulating in your blood.
b. certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper
antibodies quickly.
c. your nonspecific defenses are strengthened.
d. B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders.
e. antigens are altered so invaders can no longer attack
your tissues.
10. In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus
glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as
a likely result?
a. The mice suffered from numerous allergies.
b. The mice never developed cancerous tumors.
c. The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.
d. The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
e. The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory
response.
11. Which of the following is not initiated by binding of
antibodies to antigens?
a. activation of complement proteins
b. secretion of interferon by infected cells
c. neutralization
d. agglutination
e. precipitation
12. The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are
formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called
variable?
a. They can change their shapes on command to fit
different antigens.
b. They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.
c. Their specific shapes are unimportant.
d. They can be different shapes on different antibody
molecules.
e. Their sizes vary considerably from one antibody to
another.
13. The biggest difference between cell-mediated immunity
and humoral immunity is
a. how long their protection lasts.
b. whether a subsequent secondary immune response can
occur.
c. whether clonal selection occurs.
d. how they respond to and dispose of invaders.
e. how fast they can respond to an invader.
14. Viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by
a. antibodies from B cells.
b. cytotoxic T cells.
c. complement proteins.
d. helper T cells.
e. antigens.
15. What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells (the
effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets?
a. activate complement to punch holes in them
b. clump cells together so that phagocytes can ingest
them
c. cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution
d. attach to antigens and detoxify them
e. all of the above
16. Tissue macrophages
a. begin their lives as neutrophils.
b. have short life spans because they self-destruct after
engulfing foreign invaders.
c. originate from monocytes that leave the circulation
and enter the tissues.
d. are most effective against parasites.
e. do not attack microorganisms directly; instead, they
destroy virus-infected body cells.
17. The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____
without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.
a. passive immunity
b. the primary immune response
c. anaphylactic shock
d. nonspecific defenses
e. inflammation
18. A group of researchers have tested many chemicals and
found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune
system. Which of the following would seem to have the most promise as a drug
for inhibiting transplant rejection?
a. Compound A13: acts like histamine
b. Compound Q6: stimulates cytotoxic T cells
c. Compound N98: a potent allergen
d. Compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells
e. Compound M31: stimulates helper T cells
19. The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign
antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to
a given disease is most like
a. going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you.
b. ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without
looking at the menu.
c. going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you
find a pair that fits.
d. picking out a video that you haven't seen yet.
e. selecting a lottery prize-winner by means of a random
drawing.
20. B lymphocytes
a. attack cells that have been infected by viruses.
b. engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses.
c. multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood
and lymph.
d. stimulate other lymphocytes.
e. produce interleukin-2.
hapter 44
1. Which of the following is an endotherm?
a. mouse
b. iguana
c. frog
d. trout
e. all of the above
2. What conditions are responsible for the stimulation of
the JGA?
a. an increase in blood pressure and/or blood volume
within the heart
b. an increase in the solute concentration of the blood
plasma
c. a decrease in the solute concentration of the blood
plasma
d. a decrease in the blood pressure and/or blood volume
in the afferent arteriole
e. consumption of alcohol
3. As filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle,
salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney
medulla. Because of this high salt concentration, the nephron is able to
a. excrete the maximum amount of salt.
b. neutralize toxins that might accumulate in the kidney.
c. control the pH of the interstitial fluid.
d. excrete a large amount of water.
e. establish a hypertonic interstitial medullary
concentration.
4. The kidney's filtration process is nonselective, so
a. many valuable substances are lost in the urine.
b. the proportions of substances in urine are the same as
in blood.
c. urine is much less concentrated than blood.
d. it really has little control over body fluid
composition.
e. useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed.
5. A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to
a. produce more heat when needed.
b. reduce loss of heat to the environment.
c. slow metabolism when food is not available.
d. increase heat loss by evaporation.
e. absorb heat from the environment.
6. Uric acid is the nitrogenous waste excreted by birds,
insects, and many reptiles. An advantage of excreting uric acid is that it ____
, but a disadvantage is that it _____ .
a. saves water . . . costs energy
b. saves energy . . . is highly toxic
c. is not very toxic . . . wastes a lot of water
d. is much more soluble in water than other wastes . . .
costs energy
e. saves water . . . is highly toxic
7. Which of the following is the most accurate and
comprehensive description of the function of the kidneys?
a. breaking down body wastes
b. excreting wastes
c. regulating body fluid composition
d. filtering the blood
e. producing urine
8. Which of the following would be filtered from blood
but not normally found in urine?
a. water
b. red blood cells
c. H+ ions
d. amino acids
e. urea
9. On a cold day, blood vessels in the skin
a. dilate, allowing blood to keep the skin warm.
b. constrict, forcing blood to flow through vessels in
the skin.
c. constrict, reducing heat loss from blood at the
surface.
d. dilate, causing blood to pass through the cold skin
more quickly.
e. dilate, preventing blood flow to the surface.
10. The animals in which of these pairs have similar
problems regulating water balance?
a. freshwater fish and saltwater fish
b. land animal and freshwater fish
c. osmoconformer and freshwater fish
d. salmon in fresh water and salmon in salt water
e. saltwater fish and land animal
11. The filtrate formed by the nephrons in the kidney is
not the same as urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the
processes of ______ , forming the urine that leaves the body.
a. filtration and secretion
b. reabsorption and secretion
c. reabsorption and excretion
d. filtration and reabsorption
e. secretion and excretion
12. By definition, an ectotherm
a. is cold-blooded.
b. is warm-blooded.
c. obtains most of its heat from its environment.
d. derives most of its heat from its own metabolism.
e. has a body temperature that varies considerably.
13. Which would have the toughest time surviving over the
long term in the environment given?
a. an osmoconformer in seawater
b. an endotherm in a warm environment
c. an ectotherm in a cold environment
d. an osmoregulator in seawater
e. an ectotherm in a warm environment
14. Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, while land
animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this
difference?
a. They have different diets.
b. Land animals can get the energy needed to make urea or
uric acid.
c. Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes lots of water to
dilute it.
d. Land animals cannot afford the energy needed to make
ammonia.
e. Fish need to get rid of ammonia, but land animals need
it to live.
15. The appropriate group of animals to examine to
observe a Malpighian tubule would be
a. flatworms.
b. annelids.
c. insects and other terrestrial arthropods.
d. amphibians.
e. birds.
16. Which of the following primarily involves heat
transfer by convection?
a. You roll down the car window to let the cool breeze
blow through.
b. The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become
numb.
c. You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot
summer day.
d. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm
pavement.
e. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm
rays on your skin.
17. The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert
kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because
a. the kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an
environment where water is scarce.
b. the white rat's diet is much less varied than the
kangaroo rat's.
c. the kangaroo rat cannot always find food.
d. the kangaroo rat produces more body wastes.
e. the kangaroo rat has less stress and lower blood
pressure.
18. Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air
a. interferes with heat loss by conduction.
b. holds warm water vapor.
c. interferes with heat loss by evaporation.
d. prevents countercurrent heat exchange from occurring.
e. increases metabolic heat production.
19. In each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and
Bowman's capsule
a. filter the blood and capture the filtrate.
b. reabsorb water into the blood.
c. break down harmful toxins and poisons.
d. reabsorb salts and nutrients.
e. refine and concentrate the urine for excretion.
20. During kidney dialysis, blood and a dialyzing
solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane. For kidney dialysis to work
properly, the dialyzing solution should contain
a. a lower solute concentration than blood.
b. a higher concentration of urea than blood.
c. a lower glucose concentration than blood.
d. a lower concentration of urea than blood.
e. a much smaller volume of fluid than the blood passing
through it.
