TRY OUT SYSTEM EKSKRESI KELAS XI

1.         An albatross spending its life hovering over the ocean provides an extreme example of _____, the process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.

A.        osmoregulation

B.        hydration

C.        evaporation

D.        osmosis

E.         excretion

2.         Osmoconformers are animals that _____.

A.        expend considerable energy in matching concentrations of their body fluids with those of their marine environment

B.        rely on the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems to remove excess salts and water from their bodies

C.        have an internal environment isoosmotic with their external environment

D.        spontaneously absorb water through the body surface and lose solutes in urine

E.         spontaneously lose water through body surfaces and must actively unload ions and drink water to maintain osmotic homeostasis

3.         In a marine environment, animals that are isoosmotic relative to their environment _____.

A.        experience no net water loss by osmosis

B.        experience significant water gain by osmosis

C.        experience significant water loss by osmosis

D.        must expend energy on the active transport of solutes from their bodies to the environment

E.         can only survive in terrestrial environments

4.         Which type of organism would have the least chance of long-term survival in the given environment?

A.        osmoconformers in seawater

B.        euryhaline animals in fresh water

C.        stenohaline animals that move between fresh water and seawater

D.        osmoregulators in seawater

E.         euryhaline animals in seawater

5.         Why do freshwater fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine?

A.        Because they live in a hypoosmotic solution, their cells take up excess water that must be excreted.

B.        Because they live in a hypoosmotic solution, their cells tend to accumulate a lot of solute that must be excreted.

C.        Because they live in a hyperosmotic solution, their cells take up an excess of water that must be excreted.

D.        Because they live in a hyperosmotic solution, their cells tend to accumulate a lot of solute that must be excreted.

E.         Because animals must live in an isoosmotic solution, they excrete solutes to make the concentration of solutes in the water equal to the concentration of solutes in their cells.

6.         Dehydration in animals _____.

A.        is always lethal

B.        that are exceptionally small, such as the tardigrade, is not usually fatal because of their large surface area-to-volume ratio

C.        is, on a cellular level, the opposite of freezing

D.        is a problem because fluid-mosaic cell membranes fall apart when deprived of water

E.         may be less damaging in the presence of sugar

7.         How do aquatic birds such as the wandering albatross avoid becoming dehydrated even though they live in an environment that is almost entirely salt water?

A.        They don't actually swallow the salt water.

B.        They excrete excess salt in their urine.

C.        They actively transport excess salt from the blood into secretory tubules found in special excretory glands.

D.        Like animals that live in extremely arid conditions, they are able to survive for long periods of time without fresh water, only drinking when they have access to fresh water on land or from rainwater.

E.         They are able to maintain their osmolarity close to that of seawater by maintaining salt, urea, and trimethyloxide levels in their body fluids, thus preventing the salt water from diffusing into their cells.

8.         Most of our nitrogen-containing waste products are a result of _____.

A.        drug use

B.        consumption of foods high in nitrates, such as green vegetables

C.        protein metabolism

D.        the body's attempts to maintain pH homeostasis

E.         metabolism of fatty foods

9.         Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, whereas land animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this difference?

A.        They have different diets.

B.        Land animals can get the energy needed to make urea or uric acid.

C.        Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes a lot of water to dilute it.

D.        Land animals cannot afford the energy needed to make ammonia.

E.         Fish need to get rid of ammonia, but land animals need it to live.

Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes a lot of water to dilute it.

In our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by our kidneys is _____.

A) uric acid

B) amino acids

C) ammonia

D) urea

E) nitrite

The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be _____.

A) ammonia because it uses less energy to make than uric acid or urea

B) urea because it is less toxic than uric acid

C) uric acid because it takes less energy to make than urea

D) uric acid because it does not require water for excretion

E) ammonia because it is the most soluble of all the nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products

uric acid because it does not require water for excretion

Many insects, birds, and other reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which _____.

A) is synthesized in the kidneys from ammonia and CO2

B) forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

C) readily decomposes on exposure to air

D) is readily excreted through feathers and scales

E) can be recycled and utilized as an additional energy source

forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

Which of the following is a function of the excretory system?

A) elimination of nitrogenous wastes

B) maintenance of salt balance

C) production of urine

D) maintenance of the water balance

E) All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Metanephridia are found in _____ and function in _____.

A) insects ... excretion

B) annelids ... excretion and osmoregulation

C) bats ... osmoregulation

D) earthworms ... excretion

E) birds ... osmoregulation and excretion

annelids ... excretion and osmoregulation

Which excretory system contains structures called flame bulbs that function in filtration?

A) metanephridia

B) protonephridia

C) Malpighian tubules

D) kidneys

E) nephrons

protonephridia

Which of the following is filtered from blood but not normally found in urine?

A) water

B) red blood cells

C) H+

D) amino acids

E) urea

amino acids

The filtrate formed by the nephrons in the kidney is not urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the processes of _____, which form the urine that leaves the body.

A) filtration and secretion

B) reabsorption and secretion

C) reabsorption and excretion

D) filtration and reabsorption

E) secretion and excretion

reabsorption and secretion

Which of the following is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of kidneys?

A) the breakdown of body wastes

B) the excretion of wastes

C) the regulation of body fluid composition

D) filtration of the blood

E) production of urine

the regulation of blood fluid composition

Which of the following is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder in a mammal?

A) loop of Henle

B) ureter

C) urethra

D) distal tubule

E) proximal tubule

ureter

The functional units of kidneys are _____.

A) neurons

B) glomeruli

C) ureters

D) nephrons

E) collecting ducts

nephrons

The bed of capillaries in a vertebrate kidney where water, urea, and salts are filtered out of the blood is the _____.

A) Bowman's capsule

B) collecting duct

C) glomerulus

D) loop of Henle

E) proximal convoluted tubule glomerulus

In each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule _____.

A) filter the blood and capture the filtrate

B) reabsorb water into the blood

C) break down harmful toxins and poisons

D) reabsorb salts and nutrients

E) refine and concentrate the urine for excretion

filter the blood and capture the filtrate

The fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is called the filtrate. What is the source of the filtrate?

A) blood in capillaries

B) urine

C) lymphatic fluid

D) cells of the kidney

E) the loop of Henle

blood in the capillaries

Which of the following substances is generally filtered from the blood by the kidneys?

A) water

B) sodium

C) urea

D) glucose

E) All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct

Which is an accurate statement about the anatomy of the human excretory system?

A) Bowman's capsule is a network of capillaries inside the glomerulus.

B) The proximal tubule is the portion of the nephron tubule farthest from Bowman's capsule.

C) The renal cortex, which contains the nephrons, is interior to the renal medulla.

D) The loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule.

E) The distal tubule of a nephron connects with the renal pelvis of the kidney via the ureter.

The loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule.

Which is an accurate pairing of a key excretory function with its definition?

A) Filtration happens when blood pressure forces water, nitrogenous waste, and valuable solutes from the blood into the collecting duct.

B) Reabsorption is the reclamation process that returns valuable solutes and water to the nephron from the capillaries.

C) Secretion transports certain toxins, drugs, and excessive ions from the filtrate to the capillaries.

D) Excretion moves urine, the processed filtrate, out of the kidney, through the ureter, the bladder, and finally out of the body via the urethra.

E) Reabsorption is the process in which toxins, drugs, and excessive ions that remain in the blood after
 filtration are transported into the nephron for disposal in the urine.

Excretion moves urine, the processed filtrate, out of the kidney, through the ureter, the bladder, and finally out of the body via the urethra.

All of the following processes occur in the nephron of the kidney except _____.

A) tubular secretion

B) capsular filtration

C) blood cell formation

D) cellular respiration

E) selective reabsorption

blood cell formation

As filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle, salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. Because of this high salt concentration, the nephron is able to _____.

A) excrete the maximum amount of salt

B) neutralize toxins that might accumulate in the kidney

C) control the pH of the interstitial fluid

D) excrete a large amount of water

E) establish a hyperosmotic interstitial medullary concentration

establish a hyperosmotic interstitial medullary concentration

What is the function of the ascending loop of Henle?

A) It provides water for reabsorption by the interstitial fluid and capillaries.

B) It loses urea to the renal medulla, helping this tissue to maintain its concentration gradient of solutes.

C) It absorbs some drugs and poisons from surrounding capillaries.

D) It helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption.

E) It collects processed filtrate from the nephrons.

It helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption.

The lowest osmotic potential inside a nephron will be found in _____.

A) Bowman's capsule and the proximal tubule

B) the descending limb of the loop of Henle

C) the loop of Henle

D) the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubule

E) the collecting duct

the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubule

At a particular position along a nephron, the osmotic potential of the filtrate is 500 mOsm/L whereas the surrounding kidney's is 600 mOsm/L. Which of the following is a likely result?

A) Water will diffuse into the nephron by osmosis.

B) Water will be pumped into the nephron by active transport.

C) Water will diffuse out of the nephron by osmosis.

D) Water will be pumped out of the nephron by active transport.

E) There will be no net movement of water.

Water will diffuse out of the nephron by osmosis.

The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because the _____.

A) kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce

B) white rat's diet is much less varied than the kangaroo rat's diet

C) kangaroo rat cannot always find food

D) kangaroo rat produces more body wastes

E) kangaroo rat has less stress and lower blood pressure

kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

A) During times of increased solute concentrations, ADH causes nephrons to absorb water faster.

B) During times of higher solute concentrations, ADH causes more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood.

C) Low levels or the absence of ADH in the blood are the brain's response to thirst.

D) ADH is the only hormone that provides a system of control over the kidney as an osmoregulator for urine production.

 E) ADH controls the rate that filtrate moves from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

During times of higher solute concentrations, ADH causes more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood.

Secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the ______ occurs in response to _____ and causes ______.

A) thyroid gland ... low blood sugar ... kidney blood vessels to constrict

B) pituitary gland ... low blood osmolarity ... decreased permeability to water of a kidney's collecting duct

C) adrenal gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of a collecting duct

D) pituitary gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of a collecting duct

E) adrenal gland ... low blood pressure ... increased water and solute reabsorption at the proximal tubule of the kidney

pituitary gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of a collecting duct

Alcohol consumption increases urinary output because alcohol _____.

A) enhances aldosterone production

B) inhibits aldosterone production

C) causes cellular metabolism to proceed at a faster rate

D) enhances ADH production and release

E) inhibits ADH production and release

inhibits ADH production and release

What conditions are responsible for the stimulation of the JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A) an increase in blood pressure or blood volume within the heart

B) an increase in the solute concentration of the blood plasma

C) a decrease in the solute concentration of the blood plasma

D) a decrease in the blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole

E) consumption of alcohol

TRY OUT CLASS XI SEMESTER 2

1. An antigen is

a. a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease.

b. a type of white blood cell.

c. an invading virus or bacterium.

d. a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte.

e. a body cell attacked by an invading microorganism.

2. How do memory cells differ from effector cells?

a. Memory cells are more numerous.

b. Memory cells are responsible for the primary immune response.

c. Memory cells combat antigens; effector cells do not.

d. Memory cells live longer.

e. Memory cells are capable of producing antibodies.

3. Following tissue damage or the entry of microorganisms, an inflammatory response may be initiated by

a. the accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area.

b. the release of interferon by infected cells.

c. an increased blood flow in an infected or injured area.

d. the ensuing fever.

e. the release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells.

4. Which of the following could be considered a nonspecific defense?

a.    Intact skin creates a barrier that cannot normally be penetrated by bacteria or viruses.

b.    Secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands give the skin an acidic pH that prevents bacterial colonization.

c.     Tears, saliva, and mucous secretions contain lysozome, an enzyme that digests the bacterial cell wall.

d.    Mucus traps microbes and other particles that contact it.

e.    all of the above

5. During a secondary immune response

a.    selected B cells generate antibody-producing effector B cells called plasma cells.

b.    the stricken individual may become ill.

c.     about 10 to 17 days are required from exposure to maximum effector response.

d.    the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response.

e.    all of the above

6. Most individuals infected with HIV

a. can live for 15 to 20 years.

b. never develop AIDS.

c. die from autoimmune reactions.

d. suffer from increased sensitivity to foreign antigens.

e. die from other infections or cancer.

7. Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible.

a. T cells

b. antibodies

c. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

d. histamines

e. B cells

8. A vaccine contains

a. white blood cells that fight infection.

b. antibodies that recognize invading microbes.

c. inactivated disease-causing microbes.

d. a hormone that boosts immunity.

e. lymphocyte antigens.

9. When you are immune to a disease,

a. antibodies against the disease are constantly circulating in your blood.

b. certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly.

c. your nonspecific defenses are strengthened.

d. B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders.

e. antigens are altered so invaders can no longer attack your tissues.

10. In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?

a. The mice suffered from numerous allergies.

b. The mice never developed cancerous tumors.

c. The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.

d. The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

e. The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response.

11. Which of the following is not initiated by binding of antibodies to antigens?

a. activation of complement proteins

b. secretion of interferon by infected cells

c. neutralization

d. agglutination

e. precipitation

12. The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called variable?

a. They can change their shapes on command to fit different antigens.

b. They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.

c. Their specific shapes are unimportant.

d. They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules.

e. Their sizes vary considerably from one antibody to another.

13. The biggest difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity is

a. how long their protection lasts.

b. whether a subsequent secondary immune response can occur.

c. whether clonal selection occurs.

d. how they respond to and dispose of invaders.

e. how fast they can respond to an invader.

14. Viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by

a. antibodies from B cells.

b. cytotoxic T cells.

c. complement proteins.

d. helper T cells.

e. antigens.

15. What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells (the effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets?

a. activate complement to punch holes in them

b. clump cells together so that phagocytes can ingest them

c. cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution

d. attach to antigens and detoxify them

e. all of the above

16. Tissue macrophages

a. begin their lives as neutrophils.

b. have short life spans because they self-destruct after engulfing foreign invaders.

c. originate from monocytes that leave the circulation and enter the tissues.

d. are most effective against parasites.

e. do not attack microorganisms directly; instead, they destroy virus-infected body cells.

17. The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.

a. passive immunity

b. the primary immune response

c. anaphylactic shock

d. nonspecific defenses

e. inflammation

18. A group of researchers have tested many chemicals and found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune system. Which of the following would seem to have the most promise as a drug for inhibiting transplant rejection?

a. Compound A13: acts like histamine

b. Compound Q6: stimulates cytotoxic T cells

c. Compound N98: a potent allergen

d. Compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells

e. Compound M31: stimulates helper T cells

19. The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a given disease is most like

a. going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you.

b. ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu.

c. going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits.

d. picking out a video that you haven't seen yet.

e. selecting a lottery prize-winner by means of a random drawing.

20. B lymphocytes

a. attack cells that have been infected by viruses.

b. engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses.

c. multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph.

d. stimulate other lymphocytes.

e. produce interleukin-2.

 

hapter 44

1. Which of the following is an endotherm?

a. mouse

b. iguana

c. frog

d. trout

e. all of the above

2. What conditions are responsible for the stimulation of the JGA?

a. an increase in blood pressure and/or blood volume within the heart

b. an increase in the solute concentration of the blood plasma

c. a decrease in the solute concentration of the blood plasma

d. a decrease in the blood pressure and/or blood volume in the afferent arteriole

e. consumption of alcohol

3. As filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle, salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. Because of this high salt concentration, the nephron is able to

a. excrete the maximum amount of salt.

b. neutralize toxins that might accumulate in the kidney.

c. control the pH of the interstitial fluid.

d. excrete a large amount of water.

e. establish a hypertonic interstitial medullary concentration.

4. The kidney's filtration process is nonselective, so

a. many valuable substances are lost in the urine.

b. the proportions of substances in urine are the same as in blood.

c. urine is much less concentrated than blood.

d. it really has little control over body fluid composition.

e. useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed.

5. A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to

a. produce more heat when needed.

b. reduce loss of heat to the environment.

c. slow metabolism when food is not available.

d. increase heat loss by evaporation.

e. absorb heat from the environment.

6. Uric acid is the nitrogenous waste excreted by birds, insects, and many reptiles. An advantage of excreting uric acid is that it ____ , but a disadvantage is that it _____ .

a. saves water . . . costs energy

b. saves energy . . . is highly toxic

c. is not very toxic . . . wastes a lot of water

d. is much more soluble in water than other wastes . . . costs energy

e. saves water . . . is highly toxic

7. Which of the following is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of the kidneys?

a. breaking down body wastes

b. excreting wastes

c. regulating body fluid composition

d. filtering the blood

e. producing urine

8. Which of the following would be filtered from blood but not normally found in urine?

a. water

b. red blood cells

c. H+ ions

d. amino acids

e. urea

9. On a cold day, blood vessels in the skin

a. dilate, allowing blood to keep the skin warm.

b. constrict, forcing blood to flow through vessels in the skin.

c. constrict, reducing heat loss from blood at the surface.

d. dilate, causing blood to pass through the cold skin more quickly.

e. dilate, preventing blood flow to the surface.

10. The animals in which of these pairs have similar problems regulating water balance?

a. freshwater fish and saltwater fish

b. land animal and freshwater fish

c. osmoconformer and freshwater fish

d. salmon in fresh water and salmon in salt water

e. saltwater fish and land animal

11. The filtrate formed by the nephrons in the kidney is not the same as urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the processes of ______ , forming the urine that leaves the body.

a. filtration and secretion

b. reabsorption and secretion

c. reabsorption and excretion

d. filtration and reabsorption

e. secretion and excretion

12. By definition, an ectotherm

a. is cold-blooded.

b. is warm-blooded.

c. obtains most of its heat from its environment.

d. derives most of its heat from its own metabolism.

e. has a body temperature that varies considerably.

13. Which would have the toughest time surviving over the long term in the environment given?

a. an osmoconformer in seawater

b. an endotherm in a warm environment

c. an ectotherm in a cold environment

d. an osmoregulator in seawater

e. an ectotherm in a warm environment

14. Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, while land animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this difference?

a. They have different diets.

b. Land animals can get the energy needed to make urea or uric acid.

c. Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes lots of water to dilute it.

d. Land animals cannot afford the energy needed to make ammonia.

e. Fish need to get rid of ammonia, but land animals need it to live.

15. The appropriate group of animals to examine to observe a Malpighian tubule would be

a. flatworms.

b. annelids.

c. insects and other terrestrial arthropods.

d. amphibians.

e. birds.

16. Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection?

a. You roll down the car window to let the cool breeze blow through.

b. The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb.

c. You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day.

d. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement.

e. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin.

17. The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because

a. the kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce.

b. the white rat's diet is much less varied than the kangaroo rat's.

c. the kangaroo rat cannot always find food.

d. the kangaroo rat produces more body wastes.

e. the kangaroo rat has less stress and lower blood pressure.

18. Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air

a. interferes with heat loss by conduction.

b. holds warm water vapor.

c. interferes with heat loss by evaporation.

d. prevents countercurrent heat exchange from occurring.

e. increases metabolic heat production.

19. In each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

a. filter the blood and capture the filtrate.

b. reabsorb water into the blood.

c. break down harmful toxins and poisons.

d. reabsorb salts and nutrients.

e. refine and concentrate the urine for excretion.

20. During kidney dialysis, blood and a dialyzing solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane. For kidney dialysis to work properly, the dialyzing solution should contain

a. a lower solute concentration than blood.

b. a higher concentration of urea than blood.

c. a lower glucose concentration than blood.

d. a lower concentration of urea than blood.

e. a much smaller volume of fluid than the blood passing through it.