SOAL METABOLISME MAHIR GRADE 1st

If you want more challenge, there are problems associated with cell metabolism and can be done better understood, it will be usefull thank you. Fight!

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

A) anabolic pathways

B) catabolic pathways

C) fermentation pathways

D) thermodynamic pathways

E) bioenergetic pathways

Answer: B

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

A) gains electrons and gains potential energy.

B) loses electrons and loses potential energy.

C) gains electrons and loses potential energy.

D) loses electrons and gains potential energy.

E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy.

Answer: B

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.

B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed.

C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed.

D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released.

E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases.

Answer: A

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO₂ and water release free energy?

A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide.

B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O).

C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP.

D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO₂ than they do in organic compounds.

E) The covalent bond in O₂ is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.

Answer: B

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

A) C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced.

B) O₂ is oxidized and H₂O is reduced.

C) CO₂ is reduced and O₂ is oxidized.

D) C₆H₁₂O₆ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized.

E) O₂ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized.

Answer: A

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

A) hydrolyzed.

B) hydrogenated.

C) oxidized.

D) reduced.

E) an oxidizing agent.

Answer: C

When a molecule of NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes

A) dehydrogenated.

B) oxidized.

C) reduced.

D) redoxed.

E) hydrolyzed.

Answer: C

Which of the following statements describes NAD⁺?

A) NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

B) NAD⁺ has more chemical energy than NADH.

C) NAD⁺ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases.

D) NAD⁺ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.

E) In the absence of NAD⁺, glycolysis can still function.

Answer: A

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

A) mitochondrial matrix

B) mitochondrial outer membrane

C) mitochondrial inner membrane

D) mitochondrial intermembrane space

E) cytosol

Answer: E

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

A) substrate-level phosphorylation.

B) electron transport.

C) photophosphorylation.

D) chemiosmosis.

E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.

Answer: A

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

A) glycolysis

B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

C) the citric acid cycle

D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Answer: B

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent?

A) electron transport

B) glycolysis

C) the citric acid cycle

D) oxidative phosphorylation

E) chemiosmosis

Answer: B

An electron loses potential energy when it

A) shifts to a less electronegative atom.

B) shifts to a more electronegative atom.

C) increases its kinetic energy.

D) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent.

E) moves further away from the nucleus of the atom.

Answer: B

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms.

B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup.

C) They can have very long carbon skeletons.

D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.

E) They are easily reduced.

Answer: D

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

A) 0%

B) 2%

C) 10%

D) 38%

E) 100%

Answer: E

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is

A) transferred to ADP, forming ATP.

B) transferred directly to ATP.

C) retained in the two pyruvates.

D) stored in the NADH produced.

E) used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate.

Answer: C

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

A) CO₂ and H₂O

B) CO₂ and pyruvate

C) NADH and pyruvate

D) CO₂ and NADH

E) H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate

Answer: C

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

B) Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

C) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

D) There is no CO₂ or water produced as products of glycolysis.

E) Glycolysis consists of many enzymatic reactions, each of which extracts some energy from the glucose molecule.

Answer: C

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are

A) 2 NAD⁺, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

B) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

C) 2 FADH₂, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP.

D) 6 CO₂, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.

E) 6 CO₂, 30 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.

Answer: B

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.

B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.

C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.

D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.

E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.

Answer: B

A molecule that is phosphorylated

A) has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate.

B) has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work.

C) has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.

D) has an increased chemical potential energy; it is primed to do cellular work.

E) has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.

Answer: D

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it

C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺

E) an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Answer: C

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

A) It both splits molecules and assembles molecules.

B) It attaches and detaches phosphate groups.

C) It uses glucose and generates pyruvate.

D) It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion.

E) It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.

Answer: E

The transport of pyruvate into mitochondria depends on the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

A) active transport

B) diffusion

C) facilitated diffusion

D) through a channel

E) through a pore

Answer: A

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO₂) from one molecule of pyruvate?

A) lactate

B) glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate

C) oxaloacetate

D) acetyl CoA

E) citrate

Answer: D

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

A) cytosol

B) mitochondrial outer membrane

C) mitochondrial inner membrane

D) mitochondrial intermembrane space

E) mitochondrial matrix

Answer: E

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

A) two

B) four

C) six

D) eight

E) ten

Answer: A

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

A) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

C) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

D) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

E) fermentation and glycolysis

Answer: B

A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?

A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

B) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria.

C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria.

D) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.

E) His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

Answer: A

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD⁺

B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen

D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH

E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP

Answer: B

JAWABAN SOAL METABOLISME SEL

Ternyata OK juga uraiannya ....lengkap sistematis dan Jelas ( Siapa ya yang ngajarin ? hehehe )

Semoga Berguna untuk Indonesia hehehe

Ini ada Test PG nya hayo dikerjakan

1. Produk penting yang dihasilkan pada peristiwa gikolisis dengan memecah 1 molekul glukosa adalah …

a. 2 asam piruvat, 2 molekul ATP dan 2 molekul NADH2

b. 2 asetil k enzim A, dan 6 NADH2

c. 1 molekul asam piruvat, 1 molekul ATP dan 1 molekul NADH2

d. 1 carbodioksida, 2 molekul ATP dan 2 molekul NADH2

e. 1 asam laktat, 2 molekul ATP, 2 molekul NADH2

2. Pernyataan yang tepat untuk proses tahapan proses respirasi aerob kecuali …

a. Glikolisis terjadi dalam keadaan anaerob

b. Glikolisis terjadi dalam keadaan anaerob

c. Pada tahap D.O asam piruvat tidak pernah dihasilkan ATP

d. Melalui respirasi aerob total jumlah ATP yang dihasilkan dengan memecah 1 molekul glukosa adalah 38

e. Nama lain siklus krebs adalah siklus asam sitrat

3 . Manakah dari reaksi respirasi aerob dibawah ini yang terjadi dalam sitosol?

a. Glikolisis

b. Siklus krebs

c. D.O asam piruvat

d. Sistem transport elektron

e. Fermentasi asam laktat

4. Pada tahap reaksi mana dari respirasi aerob dihasilkan senyawa carbondioksida?

1. glikolisis

2. D.O asam piruvat

3. siklus krebs

4. sistem transport elektron

a. 1 dan 2

b. 2 dan 3

c. 3 dan 4

d. 2 dan 4

e. 1 dan 3

5. Berapa banyak molekul ATP yang dihasilkan untuk setiap molekul FADH2 yang memasuki sistem pengangkutan elektron?

a. 1 ATP

b. 2 ATP

c. 4 ATP

d. 6 ATP

e. 12 ATP

6. Tahap awal dari proses siklus krebs, senyawa asetil Ko.A akan di ikat oleh ….

a. RUBP

b. asam sitrat

c. Rubisco

d. asam oksaloasetat

e. asam laktat

7. Manakah tahapan dari reaksi dibawah ini yang terjadi baik melalui jalur respirasi aerob maupun respirasi anaerob?

a. glikolisis

b. oksidasi asam piruvat

c. siklus krebs

d. Sistem pengangkutan elektron

e. D.O asam piruvat

8. Ketika sel-sel otot melakukan proses pemecahan glukosa dalam keadaan kekurangan oksigen, manakah zat berikut yang tidak diproduksi dari kegiatan tersebut?

a. panas

b. ATP

c. asam laktat

d. asetil koenzim A

e. asam piruvat

9. Proses yang digambarkan pada persamaan reaksi dibawah ini adalah …

Glukosa -----> asam laktat + ATP

a. anabolisme

b. fermentasi

c. fotosintesis

d. kemosintesis

e. sintesis senyawa lain

10. Tahap terakhir dari rangkaian respirasi aerob terjadi di …

a. Disepanjang retikulum endoplasma

b. Dalam sitoplasma

c. Dipermukaan ribososm

d. Di dalam kloroplast

e. Di dalam mitokondria

11. Jenis respirasi yang dilakukan oleh Sacharomyces sp atau khamir adalah …

a. respirasi aerob

b. respirasi anaerob

c. fermentasi alkohol

d. fermentasi asam laktat

e. proses menghasilkan peroksida

12. Perbedaan respirasi aerob dengan respirasi anaerob adalah …

a. Produk akhirnya berupa CO2

b. Produk akhirnya berupa CO2

c. Lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan

d. Jenis bahan utama yang dipecah

e. Produk akhir berupa senyawa C3

13. Produk akhir berupa senyawa C3

a. Produk akhir berupa senyawa C3

b. Asam laktat, CO2, dan 38 ATP

c. Asetaldehid, CO2, dan 4 ATP

d. Asetaldehid, CO2, dan 4 ATP

e. Asam asetat, CO2, dan 4 ATP

14. Asam asetat, CO2, dan 4 ATP

a. Proses pembentukan bahan anorganik dan bahan organik dengan bantuan cahaya matahari

b. Proses pembentukan bahan organik dari bahan anorganik dengan bantuan cahaya matahari dalam kloroplas

c. Proses pembentukan bahan organik dari bahan anorganik dengan bantuan cahaya matahari dalam kloroplas

d. Proses pembentukkan bahan organik dalam kloroplas oleh cahaya

e. Proses pembentukkan kloroplas oleh bahan organik dengan bantuan cahaya

15. Oksigen yang dihasilkan pada peristiwa fotosintesis terbentuk pada proses …

a. Reaksi Hill saat fotolisis berlangsung

b. Reaksi blackman saat terjadi fotoposporilasi siklis

c. Reaksi gelap saat berlangsung proses fiksasi CO2

d. Reaksi terang saat berlangsung oksidasi CO2

e. Reaksi gelap saat berlangsung proses siklus calvin

16. Reaksi gelap saat berlangsung proses siklus calvin ...

a. Membutuhkan cahaya dan oksigen

b. Menghasilkan amilum dan oksigen

c. Membutuhkan cahaya dan menghasilkan amilum

d. Membutuhkan cahaya dan menghasilkan oksigen

e. Membutuhkan dan oksigen

17. Produk yang dihasilkan dari proses reaksi terang adalah ….

1. ATP

2. CO2

3. O2

4. NADPH2

5. Glukosa

a. 1 – 3 dan 5

b. 1 – 3 – dan 4

c. 2 – 3 – dan 4

d. 2 – 4 – dan 5

e. 3 – 4 – dan 5

18. Proses fotosintesis pada gambar dibawah ini ditunjukkan oleh nomer …

a. 1 dan 2

b. 2 dan 3

c. 3 dan 4

d. 4 dan 5

e. 2 dan 4

19. Faktor berikut yang dapat mempercepat proses fotosintesis, kecuali ….

a. Suhu 40 oC

b. Penambahan NAHCO3

c. Cahaya warna merah

d. cahaya warna biru

e. Cahaya warna hitam

20. Pada reaksi terang fotosintesis perjalanan elektron non siklik adalah …

a. Dari P680 ke P700 dengan menghasilkan ATP dan NADPH2

b. Dari P680 ke P700 dengan menghasilkan ATP, NADPH2 dan O2

c. Dari P700 ke P680 dengan menghasilkan ATP dan NADPH2

d. Dari P700 kembali ke P700 dengan menghasilkan ATP, NADPH2 , O2

e. Dari P680 kembali ke P680 dengan menghasilkan ATP, NADPH2, O2

21. Fotosistem berfungsi menangkap energi cahaya matahari yang melakukan reaksi fotoposporilasi siklik tersusun oleh …

1. klorofil a

2. karotenoid

3. klorofil b

4. Pikorietrin

5. Pikosianin

a. 1 dan 3

b. 2 dan 4

c. 3 dan 5

d. 1 dan 2

e. 2 dan 3

22. Senyawa yang berfungsi melakukan proses fiksasi CO2 pada siklus Calvin-benson adalah …

a. RUBP

b. Rubisco

c. RUBP karboksilase

d. Asam oksaloasetat

e. asam sitrat

23. Senyawa antara yang dihasilkan dari setiap 3 molekul CO2 masuk dalam siklus calvin benson, kecuali …

a. Asam 3 Phospoglicerat (APG)

b. Asam 3 Phospoglicerat (APG)

c. RuBP

d. Asam oksaloasetat

e. Asam oksaloasetat

24. Perbedaan antara fotosistem I dengan fotosistem II mengenai hal-hal berikut, kecuali …

a. Jenis akseptor elektronnya

b. Jenis klorofil penyusunnya

c. Kepekaannya terhadap panjang gelombang

d. Fungsinya dalam reaksi terang

e. Produk akhir reaksinya

25. Jumlah molekul glukosa yang dihasilkan jika sebanyak 15 molekul CO2 masuk dalam siklus calvin benson!

a. 0,5 molekul

b. 1 molekul

c. 1,5 molekul

d. 2 molekul

e. 2,5 molekul

26.         Sebagian besar CO2 dari  Katabolisma dilepas selama …

A.      Glikolisis

B.      siklus krebs

C.      fermentasi asam  laktat

D.      transpor elektron

E.       fosforilasi oksidatif

27.         Salah satu hal yang terjadi pada proses  kehidupan adalah penyusunan    senyawa sederhana menjadi  yang lebih kompleks. Proses  tersebut dinamakan ....

A.      respirasi              

B.      katabolisme       

C.      transpirasi

D.      d.anabolisme

E.       disimilasi

28.         Enzim amylase di mulut dapat bekerka dengan baik , tetapi setelah di lambung amilase  tidak lagi berfungsi , hal ini  menunjukan enzim mempunyai ciri …

A.      Bekerja pada organ tertentu

B.      Dipengaruhi PH

C.      Bekerja spesifik

D.      Dipengaruhi suhu

E.       Memerlukan kofaktor

29.         Pada respirasi  aerob  untuk menguraikan satu molekul  glukosa menjaadi 6 molekul CO2, H2O dan ATP diperlukan oksigen  sebanyak...

A.      6 molekul O2

B.      2 molekul O2

C.      6 molekul O2 ditambah 1 molekul FADH2

D.      6 molekul  O2 dan asam piruvat

E.       2 molekul O2 1 molekul NADH ditambah

30.         Terbentuknya kembali  RUBP untuk melanjutkan fungsinya sebagai fiksator CO2 merupakan  fase……

A.      Fiksasi

B.      Reduksi

C.      Oksidasi

D.      Glikolisis

E.       Regenerasi

31.         Enzim adalah suatu bahan yang dapat   mempercepat terjadinya reaksi di dalam tubuh organisme. Salah satu sifat dari enzim adalah :

A.      bekerja sangat spesifik

B.      dapat menghasilkan energi untuk mempercepat reaksi

C.      mempunyai kemampuan untuk  memperbanyak diri

D.      hanya dapat bekerja dengan adanya ATP

E.       dapat mempercepat gerakan molekul  dari zat yang direaksikan

32.         Yang tidak dihasilkan dari siklus krebs adalah….

A.      CO2  

B.      ATP  

C.      Asam sitrat

D.      NADH2

E.       Asam piruvat

33.         Pada peristiwa  glikolisis , enzim yang berperan dalam mengubah glukosa menjadi glukosa  6 Fosfat adalah …..

A.      Heksokinase 

B.      Aldolase

C.      Enolase

D.      Sitrat sintase

E.       Alkonitase

34.         Which of the following  pair of products indicates anaerobic respiration  in yeast ?

A.      water and ethanol

B.      Lactic acid and athanol

C.      Carbon dioxide and water

D.      Carbon dioxide and ethanol

E.       Alkohol and Carbon monookside

35.     Berikut ini skema Respirasi aerob

Yang ditunjuk oleh X dan Y secara  berurutan adalah....

A.      glukosa , siklus Krebs

B.      glukosa , dekarboksilasi oksidatif

C.      glukosa, transport  elektron

D.      glikolisis , siklus Krebs

E.       glikolisis , transpor elektron

36.     How is aerobic respiration similar to anaerobic   respiration?

A.      Both release carbon dioxide

B.      Both produce ATP molecules

C.      Both take place in the mitochondria

D.      The amount of energy produced per molecule

37.     Percobaan yang membuktikan bahwa fotosintesis hanya terjadi pada tempat yang berklorofil saja dan hasil sementaranya berbentuk  amylum adalah percobaan ….

A.      Sach

B.      Blackman

C.      Engelmann

D.      Ingenhoust

E.       Hill

38.     Yang pertama terbentuk dari pada proses fiksasi CO2 adalah ….

A.      H2O

B.      O2

C.      ATP

D.      APG

E.       NADPH2

39.     Beberapa mikroorganisme mendapatkan energi dengan cara fermentasi yang merupakan proses....

A.      penggabungan senyawa-­senyawa anorganik dengan adanya oksigen

B.      pemecahan senyawa-senyawa organik tanpa adanya oksigen

C.      penggabungan senyawa­-senyawa anorganik tanpa adanya oksigen

D.      pemecahan senyawa-senyawa organik  dengan adanya oksigen

E.       asimilasi tanpa sinar matahari

40.     Dalam respirasi sel, produk energi yang dimanfaatkan untuk aktivitas sel adalah energi dalam bentuk

A.      panas

B.      sinar 

C.      ADP

D.      kimia

E.       ATP

41.     Proses fiksasi CO2 berlangsung  di….

A.      Sitosol            

B.      Granum

C.      Stroma

D.      Nukleo plasma

E.       fotosistem

42.     Fotosintesis adalah proses pembuatan karbohidrat dari CO2 dan H2O klorofil dengan bantuan cahaya matahari. Reaksi pembentukan karbohidrat ini dipengaruhi oleh tersebut di bawah ini, kecuali

A.      jumlah CO2 yang ada di udara

B.      suhu udara

C.      jumlah air dalam tanah

D.      jumlah oksigen di udara

E.       intensitas cahava

43.     Pada glikolisis terjadi perubahan.........

A.      asam piruvat menjadi etanol

B.      glukosa menjadi asam asetat

C.      glukosa menjadi asam laktat

D.      glukosa menjadi asam piruvat

E.       asam laktat menjadi alkohol

44.     Berikut ini ada beberapa proses!

1.       glikolisis

2.       siklus Krebs

3.       elektron

4.       reaksi terang

5.       reaksi gelap

Proses yang terjadi dalam respirasi adalah ........

A.      1 clan 2            

B.      1 clan 3            

C.      4 dan 5

D.      5 saja

E.       1, 2 dan 3

45.   Respirasi anaerob terjadi pada hal-­hal di bawah ini, kecuali       

A.      akar turnbuhan yang terebdam air

B.      sel-sel ragi dan bakteri anaerobik

C.      biji-biji berkulit tebal yang sulit ditembus oksigen

D.      jaringan otot yang kekurangan oksigen

E.       ikan yang hidup dalam air didasar kolam  

46.     Tempat terjadinya dan jumlah ATP yang dihasilkan dari sistem trasfer elektron adalah 

A.      mitokondria dengan 34 ATP

B.      dengan 4 ATP

C.      niitokondria dengan 18 ATP

D.      sitoplasma dengan 30 ATP

E.       nukleolus dengan 34 ATP

47.     Spektruni cahaya   yang paling banyak diserap klorofil untuk proses fotosintesis adalah

A.      spektrum merah dan hijau

B.      spektrum merah dan biru

C.      spektrum.kuning dan

D.      spektrum merah dan kuning

E.       spketrum merah dan nila

48.     Tahapan-tahapan reaksi pada fotosintesis terjadi adalah.

A.      fotolisis - fiksasi CO2 - APG -glukosa -     ALPG

B.      fotolisis - fiksasi CO2 - ALPG -APG – glukosa 

C.      fotolisis - fiksasi CO2 – APG- ALPG – glukosa

D.      d. APG - ALPG - fotolisis - fiksasiCO2 – glukosa

E.       APG - ALPG - fiksasi COz -  fotolisis – glukosa

49.   Fiksasi CO2 pada tumbuhan   memerlukan …..

A.      CO2 dan sinar matahari

B.      CO2 dan  O2

C.      CO2 dan ATP

D.      CO2 dan H2O

E.       CO2 dan Klorofil

50.   Berdasarkan hasil yang terebentuk fermentasi dapat dibedakan atas 3 macam .  fermentasi di bawah ini , perbedaan yang benar adalah…. 

		Fermentasi asam laktat	Fermentasi alkohol
I	Sifat	Anaerob	aerob
II	ATP yang terbentuk	2	>2
III	Hasil akhir	Alkohol	Asam laktat
IV	Organisme yang melakukan	Manusia ?/ hewan tingkat tinggi	Saccharomyces (yeast)
V	ATP yang terbentuk	2	2

A.      I dan II     

B.      I dan

C.      II dan III

D.      III dan IV

E.       IV dan V

51.   Reaksi terang  pada proses fotosintesis  berlangsung di….

A.      Nukleus      

B.      Stroma        

C.      Krista         

D.      Grana

E.       Matriks

52.     Senyawa berikut dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif penghasil energi selain glukosa  pada manusia ,kecuali…..

A.      Asam lemak gliserol

B.      Sellulosa

C.      Glikogen

D.      Gliserol

E.       Asam amino

53.   Daur krebs terjadi di dalam…

A.      Mitokondria

B.      matriks mitokondria

C.      sitoplasma

D.      membran sel

E.       membran dalam mitokondria

54.   Asetil koenzim A mengalami kondensasi dengan oksaloasetat membentuk …

A.      asam oksalat

B.      asam alpha ketoglutarat

C.      asam sitrat

D.      suksinat

E.       asam pirufat

55.   Yang dimaksut dengan fotofosforillasi  siklik  adalah…

A.      Sistesis ATP dalam kloroplas ,elektron berawal dari P700 dan kembali di P700

B.      Sistesis ATP dalam kloroplas ,elektron berawal dari P700 dan tidak kembali di P700

C.      ATP dalam kloroplas ,elektron berawal dari P680 dan berakhir pula di P680

D.      Sistesis ATP dalam kloroplas ,elektron berawal dari P680  dan tidak kembali di di P680

E.       Sinteasi ATP di matriks mitokondria

Mau pinter Lagi ini Refrensi yang dipakai

Cell Respiration

• Respiration is the process by which organisms burn food to produce energy. 
• The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. 
• You can think of glucose as a kind of cellular piece of coal: chock-full of energy, but useless when you want to power a stereo. 
• Just as burning coal produces heat and energy in the form of electricity, the chemical processes of respiration convert the energy in glucose into usable form.

ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the usable form of energy produced by respiration. 
• ATP is like electricity: it contains the same energy as coal, but it’s easier to transport and is just what’s needed when the cell needs some power to carry out a task.
• ATP is a nucleic acid similar to RNA. It has a ribose sugar attached to the nitrogenous base adenine. 
• However, instead of the single phosphate group typical of RNA nucleotides, 
• ATP has three phosphate groups. 
• Each of the ATP phosphate groups carries a negative charge. 
• In order to hold the three negative charges in such proximity, the bonds holding the phosphate groups have to be quite powerful. 
• If one or two of the bonds are broken and the additional phosphates are freed, the energy stored in the bonds is released and can be used to fuel other chemical reactions. 
• When the cell needs energy, it removes phosphates from ATP by hydrolysis, creating energy and either adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which has two phosphates, or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which has one phosphate.

Respiration is the process of making ATP rather than breaking it down. 

• To make ATP, the cell burns glucose and adds new phosphate groups to AMP or ADP, creating new power molecules.
• There are actually two general types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. 
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. 
• Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis, after which the two diverge. 
• We’ll first discuss aerobic respiration and then move to anaerobic.

Aerobic Cell Respiration

• Aerobic respiration is more efficient and more complicated than anaerobic respiration. 
• Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:
• 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
• This general equation for aerobic respiration (which you should know for the test) is actually the product of three separate stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Typically, the SAT II Biology only asks questions about the starting and ending products of each stage and the location where each takes place. 
• Understanding the internal details of stages will help you remember these key facts and prepare you in case the testers throw in a more difficult question, but the details of all the complex reactions will probably not be tested by the SAT II.

Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the first stage of aerobic (and anaerobic) respiration. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. In glycolysis (“glucose breaking”), 
• ATP is used to split glucose molecules into a three-carbon compound called pyruvate. 
• This splitting produces energy that is stored in ATP and a molecule called NADH. 
• The chemical formula for glycolysis is:
• C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 2NAD+ 2pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH
• As the formula indicates, the cell must invest 2 ATP molecules in order to get glycolysis going. But by the time glycolysis is complete, the cell has produced 4 new ATP, creating a net gain of 2 ATP. The 2 NADH molecules travel to the mitochondria, where, in the next two stages of aerobic respiration, the energy stored in them is converted to ATP.
• The most important things to remember about glycolysis are:
• Glycolysis is part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• Glycolysis splits glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two pyruvate molecules, each of which has three carbons.
• In glycolysis, a 2 ATP investment results in a 4 ATP payoff.
• Unlike the rest of aerobic respiration, which takes place in the mitochondria, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Unlike the rest of aerobic respiration, glycolysis does not require oxygen.

The Krebs Cycle

• After glycolysis, the pyruvate sugars are transported to the mitochondria. 
• During this transport, the three-carbon pyruvate is converted into the two-carbon molecule called acetate. 
• The extra carbon from the pyruvate is released as carbon dioxide, producing another NADH molecule that heads off to the electron transport chain to help create more ATP. 
• The acetate attaches to a coenzyme called coenzyme A to form the compound acetyl-CoA. 
• The acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs cycle. 
• The Krebs cycle is called a cycle because one of the molecules it starts with, the four-carbon oxaloacetate, is regenerated by the end of the cycle to start the cycle over again.
• The Krebs cycle begins when acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate interact to form the six-carbon compound citric acid. (The Krebs cycle is also sometimes called the citric acid cycle.) 
• This citric acid molecule then undergoes a series of eight chemical reactions that strip carbons to produce a new oxaloacetate molecule. 
• The extra carbon atoms are expelled as CO2 (the Krebs cycle is the source of the carbon dioxide you exhale). In the process of breaking up citric acid, energy is produced. 
• It is stored in ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The NADH and FADH2 proceed on to the electron transport chain.

The entire Krebs cycle is shown in the figure below. 

• It is also important to remember that each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis is split into two pyruvate molecules, which are then converted into the acetyl-CoA that moves through the Krebs cycle. 
• This means that for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, the Krebs cycle runs twice. 
• Therefore, for one glucose molecule running through aerobic cell respiration, the equation for the Krebs cycle is:

• 2acetyl-CoA + 2oxaloacetate 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP + 2oxaloacetate

• For the SAT II Biology, the most important things to remember about the Krebs cycle are:
• The Krebs cycle results in 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule run through glycolysis.
• The Krebs cycle sends energy-laden NADH and FADH2 molecules on to the next step in respiration, the electron transport chain. It does not export carbon molecules for further processing.
• The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondria.
• Though the Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen, it can only take place when oxygen is present because it relies on by-products from the electron transport chain, which requires oxygen. The Krebs cycle is therefore an aerobic process.

The Electron Transport Chain

• A great deal of energy is stored in the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. This energy is converted to ATP in the final phase of respiration, the electron transport chain:
• 10NADH + 2FADH2 34ATP
• The electron transport chain consists of a set of three protein pumps embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. FADH2 and NADH are used to power these pumps. 
• Using the energy in NADH and FADH2, these pumps move positive hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. 
• This creates a concentration gradient over the membrane.
• In a process called oxidative phosphorylation, H+ ions flow back into the matrix through a membrane protein called an ATP synthase. 
• This channel is the opposite of the standard membrane pumps that burns ATP to transport molecules against their concentration gradient: ATP synthase uses the natural movement of ions along their concentration gradient to make ATP. 
• All told, the flow of ions through this channel produces 34 ATP molecules. 
• The waste products from the powering of the electron transport chain protein pumps combine with oxygen to produce water molecules. 
• By accepting these waste products, oxygen frees NAD+ and FAD to play their roles in the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. 
• Without oxygen, these vital energy carrier molecules would not perform their roles and the processes of aerobic respiration could not occur.

• The most important things to remember about the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are:

• Four ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined. The electron transport chain produces 34 ATP.
• The electron transport chain occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• The electron transport chain requires oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen. 
• However, some organisms live in places where oxygen is not always present. 
• Similarly, under extreme exertion, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. 
• Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that can function without oxygen.

• In the absence of oxygen, organisms continue to carry out glycolysis, since glycolysis does not use oxygen in its chemical process. 
• But glycolysis does require NAD+. In aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain turns NADH back to NAD+ with the aid of oxygen, thereby averting any NAD+ shortage and allowing glycolysis to take place. 
• In anaerobic respiration, cells must find another way to turn NADH back toNAD+.
• This “other way” is called fermentation. Fermentation’s goal is not to produce additional energy, but merely to replenish NAD+ supplies so that glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. 
• Because pyruvates are not needed in anaerobic respiration, fermentation uses them to help regenerate NAD+. 
• While employing the pyruvates in this way does allow glycolysis to continue, it also results in the loss of the considerable energy contained in the pyruvate sugars.
• There are two principle forms of fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. (Remember that no matter what kind of fermentation occurs, anaerobic respiration only produces 2 net ATP in glycolysis.)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon compound called lactic acid:
• pyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
• In this reaction, the hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule.
• Lactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages. 
• Since lactic acid is a toxic substance, its buildup in the muscles produces fatigue and soreness.

Alcoholic Fermentation

• Another route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product:
• pyruvate + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2
• Alcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. 
• When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. 
• These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise.
• Like lactic acid, the ethanol produced by alcoholic fermentation is toxic. 
• When ethanol levels rise to about 12 percent, the yeast dies.

OK

TRY AGAIN SNAP SHOOT

1.      Metabolisme merupakan...

A.     Reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi di luar sel makhluk hidup

B.     Reaksi kimia yang terjadi di dalam sel tertentu makhluk hidup

C.     Seluruh reaksi yang terjadi di dalam sel makhluk hidup, dan terjadi secara reaksi kimia

D.     Reaksi untuk menghasilkan energi tanpa bantuan sinar matahari

E.      Reaksi yang membutuhkan ATP dalam jumlah banyak

2.      Enzim merupakan senyawa organic yang memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut,kecuali…

A.     Sebagai biokatalisator

B.     Hanya dapat mengkatalis suatu reaksi tertentu

C.     Hanya digunakan satu kali

D.     Hanya bekerja pada suhu yang terlalu panas atau dingin

E.      Bekerja secara spesifik

3.      Fungsi enzim adalah …

A.     menyebabkan terjadinya reaksi kimia

B.     mengubah kecepatan reaksi kimia

C.     mengatur keseimbangan jumlah molekul dalam reaksi

D.     mengubah tujuan reaksi kimia

E.      menambah jumlah molekul dalam reaksi kimia

4.      Peristiwa respirasi sel berlangsung di dalam ...

A.     lisosom

B.     mitokondria

C.     retikulum endoplasma

D.     badan golgi

E.      membran plasma

5.      Berikut ini salah satu reaksi kemosintesis:            

(NH4)2 + 3O2 --> 2HNO2+ CO2+ 3O2+ energi 

Bakteri yang membantu pelaksanaan proses kemosintesis tersebut adalah ........

A.     Acetobacter

B.     Clostridium

C.     Nitrosomonas

D.     Nitrobacter

E.      Rhizobium

6.      Tiga hasil terpenting dari peristiwa glikolisis pada respirasi sel adalah ...

A.     Asam laktat, asam amino dan ATP

B.     Asam laktat, asam piruvat dan ATP

C.     Asam laktat, NADH dan glukosa

D.     Asam piruvat, glukosa dan ATP

E.      Asam piruvat, NADH, dan ATP

7.      Selain glukosa proses fotosintesis juga menghasilkan oksigen yang sangat dibutuh organisme aerob lainnya. Oksigen yang dihasilkan ini berasal dari....

A.     Penguraian CO2

B.     Pembentukan glukosa dari H2O dan CO2

C.     Fotolisis H2O

D.     Rangkaian reaksi gelap

E.      Pengubahan cahaya matahari

8.      Respirasi merupakan rangkaian reaksi yang dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga tahap yaitu glikolisis, siklus Krebs, dan transpor elektron. Substrat yang digunakan dalam tahap glikolisis adalah...

A.     fruktosa

B.     asam piruvat

C.     glukosa

D.     gliseraldehid

E.      maltosa

9.      Hal-hal yang terjadi pada fotosintesis: 

1. terjadi fotolisis air                               

2. menghasilkan ATP, NADPH, O2       

3. terjadi pengikatan CO2 oleh RuBP 

4. terbentuk amilum 

5. terjadi di bagian stroma 

Proses yang terjadi pada reaksi gelap adalah ...

A.     1,2,3

B.     1,2,4

C.     2,3,5

D.     2,4,5

E.      3,4,5

10.   Zat-zat dihasilkan pada reaksi terang dan digunakan dalam reaksi pembentukan glukosa pada proses fotosintesis adalah .....

A.     ATP dan NADPH

B.     ATP dan RDP

C.     RuBP dan PGA

D.     PGA dan NADH2

E.      RuBP dan NADPH2


FOTOSINTESIS