1) Although an exact count is not available, it is likely
that the human brain has as many as
A) 10,000 neurons.
B) 500,000 neurons.
C) 1 million neurons.
D) 10 million neurons.
E) 100 billion neurons.
Answer: E
2) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that
have
A) a complete gut.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) radial symmetry.
D) a closed circulatory system.
E) excitable membranes.
Answer: B
3) Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and
interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in
A) Hydra.
B) cnidarians.
C) Planaria.
D) sea stars.
E) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry.
Answer: C
4) An organism that lacks integration centers
A) cannot receive stimuli.
B) will not have a nervous system.
C) will not be able to interpret stimuli.
D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons.
Answer: C
5) In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised
from the vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors
on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (extensors
on the dorsal side of the thighs) are
A) both excited and contracting.
B) both inhibited and relaxed.
C) excited and inhibited, respectively.
D) inhibited and excited, respectively.
Answer: C
6) The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the
human knee-jerk reflex are located in the
A) gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf.
B) cartilage of the knee.
C) quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of
the thighs.
D) hamstring, the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of
the thighs.
E) brain, the sensorimotor relay.
Answer: C
7) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and
function.
A) astrocytesmetabolize
neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness
B) oligodendrocytesproduce the
myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system
C) microgliaproduce the myelin
sheaths of myelinated neurons in the central nervous system
D) radial gliathe source of
immunoprotection against pathogens.
E) Schwann cellsprovide
nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons
Answer: A
8) The cerebrospinal fluid is
A) a filtrate of the blood.
B) a secretion of glial cells.
C) a secretion of interneurons.
D) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells.
E) secreted by the hypothalamus.
Answer: A
9) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact
A) spinal cord.
B) hypothalamus.
C) corpus callosum.
D) cerebellum.
E) medulla.
Answer: A
10) The blood-brain barrier
A) is formed by tight junctions.
B) is formed by oligodendrocytes.
C) tightly regulates the intracellular environment of the
CNS.
D) uses chemical signals to communicate with the spinal
cord.
E) provides support to the brain tissue.
Answer: A
11) Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the
spinal cord.
B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the
spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the
spinal cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the
spinal cord.
E) all areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Answer: D
12) An amino acid neurotransmitter that operates at
inhibitory synapses in the brain is
A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) endorphin.
D) serotonin.
E) gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA.
Answer: E
13) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the
following except
A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones
through the brain.
B) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain.
C) formed from layers of connective tissue.
D) functioning to cushion the brain.
E) filling cavities in the brain called ventricles.
Answer: C
14) The divisions of the nervous system that have
antagonistic, or opposing, actions are
A) motor and sensory systems.
B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.
D) forebrain and hindbrain.
E) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Answer: B
15) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes
activation of the ________ nervous system.
A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) central
D) visceral
E) parasympathetic
Answer: A
16) Exercise and emergency reactions include
A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral
nervous system.
B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased
activity in the parasympathetic branches.
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased
activity in the parasympathetic branches.
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system.
E) reduced heart rate and blood pressure.
Answer: B
17) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system
leads to
A) decreased heart rate.
B) increased secretion by the pancreas.
C) increased secretion by the gallbladder.
D) increased contraction of the stomach.
E) relaxation of the airways in the lungs.
Answer: E
18) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system is associated with
A) resting and digesting.
B) release of epinephrine into the blood.
C) increased metabolic rate.
D) fight-or-flight responses.
E) intensive aerobic exercise.
Answer: A
19) In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that
transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal
segments is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: B
20) Afferent neuronal systems include the
A) sensory systems.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: A
21) Cranial nerves originate in the brain and are thus
part of the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: A
22) The system that modulates excitation and inhibition
of smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory
systems is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: C
23) Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human
activities associated with increased activity in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) spinal cord.
Answer: C
24) Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms
in physiology and behavior reside in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) thalamus.
Answer: B
25) The endogenous nature of biological rhythms is based
on the observations that animals isolated from light and dark cues
A) continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration.
B) continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours'
duration; some more rapid, some slower.
C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is
imposed on them.
D) cease having any rhythms.
E) are independent of any genetic determinants.
Answer: B
26) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the
ocean because
A) they cease breathing while sleeping and remain
underwater.
B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the
maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their
blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep.
D) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not
need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water.
E) they alternate which half of their brains is asleep
and which half is awake.
Answer: E
27) The limbic system in the central nervous system
sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with
structures that process cues about
A) gustation.
B) olfaction.
C) vision.
D) audition.
E) mechanosensation.
Answer: B
28) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a
mammal
A) develops as the neural tube differentiates.
B) develops from the midbrain.
C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral
vertebrates.
D) gives rise to the cerebrum.
E) divides further into the metencephalon and
myelencephalon.
Answer: D
29) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from
changes in the activity of the
A) corpus callosum.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) thalamus.
D) pituitary.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: B
30) The unconscious control of respiration and
circulation are associated with the
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) medulla oblongata.
D) corpus callosum.
E) cerebrum.
Answer: C
31) Which of the following structures are correctly
paired?
A) forebrain and medulla oblongata
B) forebrain and cerebellum
C) midbrain and cerebrum
D) hindbrain and cerebellum
E) brainstem and anterior pituitary gland
Answer: D
32) Hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland are made in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
33) The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is
driven by activity in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: B
34) The regulation of body temperature derives from the
activity of the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
35) The regulatory centers for the respiratory and
circulatory systems are found in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: E
36) Food and water appetites are under the regulatory
influence of the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
37) Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian
rhythms?
A) sleep cycles
B) hormone release
C) sex drive
D) sleep cycles and hormone release only
E) sleep cycles, hormone release, and sex drive
Answer: E
38) The motor cortex is part of the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) spinal cord.
D) midbrain.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: A
39) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) epithalamus.
D) amygdala.
E) Broca's area.
Answer: B
40) In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated
with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of
sophisticated cognition because they have
A) a more advanced cerebellum.
B) a cerebellum with several flat layers.
C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei.
D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area.
Answer: C
41) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect
A) olfaction.
B) vision.
C) speech.
D) memory.
E) hearing.
Answer: C
42) Which of the following shows a brain structure
correctly paired with one of its primary functions?
A) frontal lobedecision making
B) occipital lobecontrol of
skeletal muscles
C) temporal lobevisual
processing
D) cerebellumlanguage
comprehension
E) occipital lobespeech
production
Answer: A
43) If you were writing an essay, the part of your brain
that would be actively involved in this task is the
A) temporal and frontal lobes.
B) parietal lobe.
C) Broca's area.
D) Wernicke's area.
E) occipital lobe.
Answer: A
44) The establishment and expression of emotions involves
the
A) frontal lobes and limbic system.
B) frontal lobes and parietal lobes.
C) parietal lobes and limbic system.
D) frontal and occipital lobes.
E) occipital lobes and limbic system.
Answer: A
45) Our understanding of mental illness has been most
advanced by discoveries involving
A) the degree of convolutions in the brain's surface.
B) the evolution of the telencephalon.
C) the sequence of developmental specialization.
D) the chemicals involved in brain communications.
E) the nature of the blood-brain barrier.
Answer: D
46) Wernicke's area
A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended.
B) is active during the generation of speech.
C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation.
D) is active when you are reading silently.
E) is found on the left side of the brain.
Answer: A
47) Failure of an embryonic neuron to establish a
synaptic connection to another cell
A) converts that neuron to an ependymal cell.
B) causes the neuron to migrate to another part of the
brain.
C) converts that neuron to a glial cell.
D) leads to Alzheimer's disease.
E) results in the apoptosis of that neuron.
Answer: E
48) Short-term memory information processing usually
causes changes in the
A) brainstem.
B) medulla.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) cranial nerves.
Answer: D
49) Learning a new language during adulthood alters
activity in the brain's language processing locations by
A) altering synaptic effectiveness in these locations.
B) increasing the rate of mitosis in these locations.
C) inhibiting synapses that work in the previously
learned language.
D) causing established neurons to produce different
neurotransmitter molecules.
E) forming electrical synapses between cells.
Answer: A
50) Forming new long-term memories is strikingly
disrupted after damage to the
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) somatosensory cortex.
E) primary motor cortex.
Answer: C
51) Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that
researchers suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter
A) dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) nitric oxide.
E) ethanol.
Answer: A
52) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A) schizophrenia results in hallucinations.
B) schizophrenia results in both manic and depressive
states.
C) schizophrenia results in decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment.
E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.
Answer: A
53. Refer to the following illustration of the limbic
system to help answer the next question
In the figure, which letter points to the amygdala?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
54. Refer to the following illustration of the limbic
system to help answer the next question
In the figure, which letter points to the thalamus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
55. Refer to the following illustration of the limbic
system to help answer the next question
In the figure, which letter points to the olfactory bulb?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: C
56. Refer to the following illustration of the limbic
system to help answer the next question
In the figure, which letter points to the hippocampus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
57. Refer to the following illustration of the limbic
system to help answer the next question
In the figure, which letter points to the hypothalamus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
58) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after
dinner. This could be described as a state with
A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic,
and enteric nervous systems.
B) decreased activity in the sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system,
and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system,
and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
E) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system,
decreased activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, and increased
activity in the enteric nervous system.
Answer: C
59) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his
frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would
A) lose the ability to reason.
B) lose all short-term memory.
C) have greatly altered emotional responses.
D) lose all long-term memory.
E) lose their sense of balance.
Answer: C
60) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation,
which is present in the
A) basal nuclei.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) brainstem.
D) limbic system.
E) spinal cord.
Answer: C
61) Which of the following structures or regions is
incorrectly paired with its function?
A) limbic systemmotor control of
speech
B) medulla oblongatahomeostatic
control
C) cerebellumcoordination of movement
and balance
D) corpus callosumcommunication
between the left and right cerebral cortices
E) amygdalaemotional memory
Answer: A
62) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have
difficulty
A) coordinating limb movement.
B) generating speech.
C) recognizing faces.
D) understanding language.
E) experiencing emotion.
Answer: D
63) The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the
following except
A) short-term memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) foot-tapping rhythm.
E) breath holding.
Answer: C
64) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects
anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field
of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging
their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the
stroke?
A) the left frontal lobe
B) the right frontal lobe
C) the left parietal lobe
D) the right parietal lobe
E) the corpus callosum
Answer: D
65) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most
likely disrupt
A) short-term memory.
B) coordination during locomotion.
C) executive functions, such as decision making.
D) sorting of sensory information.
E) regulation of body temperature.
Answer: E
