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1. If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO₂ synthesized with heavy oxygen (¹⁸O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the ¹⁸O label. That one is
1. If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO₂ synthesized with heavy oxygen (¹⁸O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the ¹⁸O label. That one is
A) 3-phosphoglycerate.
B) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
C) glucose.
D) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
E) O₂.
Answer: E
2. Which of the following are products of the light
reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A) CO₂ and glucose
B) H₂O and O₂
C) ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺
D) electrons and H⁺
E) ATP and NADPH
Answer: E
3. Photosynthesis is not responsible for
A) oxygen in the atmosphere.
B) the ozone layer.
C) most of the organic carbon on Earth's surface.
D) atmospheric CO₂.
E) fossil fuels.
Answer: E
4. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
A) stroma of the chloroplast
B) thylakoid membrane
C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)
E) outer membrane of the chloroplast
Answer: A
5. In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what
group(s) is (are) always necessary?
A) autotrophs and heterotrophs
B) producers and primary consumers
C) photosynthesizers
D) autotrophs
E) green plants
Answer: D
6. In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located
that can carry on carbon fixation (reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbohydrate)?
A) in chloroplast membranes
B) in chloroplast stroma
C) in the cytosol
D) in the nucleoid
E) in the infolded plasma membrane
Answer: C
7. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis,
it is a direct by-product of
A) reducing NADP⁺.
B) splitting water molecules.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I.
E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II.
Answer: B
8. A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The
leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible
light are being absorbed by this pigment?
A) red and yellow
B) blue and violet
C) green and yellow
D) blue, green, and red
E) green, blue, and yellow
Answer: B
9. Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that is
colored purple. Its photosynthetic action spectrum is exactly complementary
(opposite to) the action spectrum for green plants. What wavelengths of light
do the Halobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb?
A) red and yellow
B) blue, green, and red
C) green and yellow
D) red and green
E) blue and red
Answer: E
10. In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of
the antenna pigment molecules?
A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center
chlorophyll
B) harvest photons and transfer light energy to the
reaction-center chlorophyll
C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH
E) concentrate photons within the stroma
Answer: B
11. Which of the events listed below occurs in the light
reactions of photosynthesis?
A) NADP is produced.
B) NADPH is reduced to NADP⁺.
C) Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA.
D) ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP.
E) Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center
chlorophyll a.
Answer: E
12. Which statement describes the functioning of
photosystem II?
A) Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid
membrane electron transport chain.
B) Photons are passed along to a reaction-center
chlorophyll.
C) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to
NADP⁺, which is thus converted to NADPH.
D) The electron vacancies in P680⁺ are filled by
electrons derived from water.
E) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide
as a by-product.
Answer: D
13. Which of the following are directly associated with
photosystem I?
A) harvesting of light energy by ATP
B) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane
electron transport chain
C) generation of molecular oxygen
D) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of
water
E) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron
transport chain
Answer: B
14. Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts
that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the
lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be
A) to determine if they have thylakoids in the
chloroplasts.
B) to test for liberation of O₂ in the light.
C) to test for CO₂ fixation in the dark.
D) to do experiments to generate an action spectrum.
E) to test for production of either sucrose or starch.
Answer: B
15. What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?
A) heat and fluorescence
B) ATP and P700
C) ATP and NADPH
D) ADP and NADP
E) P700 and P680
Answer: C
16. As a research scientist, you measure the amount of
ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules
of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP
molecules come from?
A) photosystem II
B) photosystem I
C) cyclic electron flow
D) linear electron flow
E) chlorophyll
Answer: C
17. Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the
interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage
will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
A) the splitting of water
B) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
C) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to
photosystem I
D) the synthesis of ATP
E) the reduction of NADP⁺
Answer: D
18. What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts
involve?
A) establishment of a proton gradient across the
thylakoid membrane
B) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane
C) reduction of water to produce ATP energy
D) movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space
from the stroma
E) formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and
ATP
Answer: A
19. Suppose the interior of the thylakoids of isolated
chloroplasts were made acidic and then transferred in the dark to a pH 8
solution. What would be likely to happen?
A) The isolated chloroplasts will make ATP.
B) The Calvin cycle will be activated.
C) Cyclic photophosphorylation will occur.
D) The isolated chloroplasts will generate oxygen gas.
E) The isolated chloroplasts will reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
Answer: A
20. In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes
located?
A) thylakoid membrane only
B) plasma membrane only
C) inner mitochondrial membrane only
D) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
E) thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane
Answer: D
21. In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons
from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts,
chemiosmosis translocates protons from
A) the stroma to the photosystem II.
B) the matrix to the stroma.
C) the stroma to the thylakoid space.
D) the intermembrane space to the matrix.
E) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
Answer: C
22. Which of the following statements best describes the
relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
A) Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of
photosynthesis in reverse.
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic
molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration
occurs only in animals.
D) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used
up in respiration.
E) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is
catabolic.
Answer: B
23. Where are the molecules of the electron transport
chain found in plant cells?
A) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
B) stroma of chloroplasts
C) outer membrane of mitochondria
D) matrix of mitochondria
E) cytoplasm
Answer: A
24. In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the
chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during
A) photosynthesis only.
B) respiration only.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration only.
Answer: C
25. Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during
A) photosynthesis only.
B) respiration only.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration only.
Answer: B
26. Reduction of NADP⁺ occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration.
Answer: A
27. The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas
and carbon compounds occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration.
Answer: D
28. Generation of proton gradients across membranes
occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration.
Answer: C
29. What is the relationship between wavelength of light
and the quantity of energy per photon?
A) They have a direct, linear relationship.
B) They are inversely related.
C) They are logarithmically related.
D) They are separate phenomena.
E) They are only related in certain parts of the
spectrum.
Answer: B
30. P680⁺ is said to be the strongest biological
oxidizing agent. Why?
A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in
either photosystem.
B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to
plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system.
C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
D) This molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons
than oxygen, to obtain electrons from water.
E) It has a positive charge.
Answer: D
31. Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., purple sulfur
bacteria) have only photosystem I, whereas others (e.g., cyanobacteria) have
both photosystem I and photosystem II. Which of the following might this
observation imply?
A) Photosystem II was selected against in some species.
B) Photosynthesis with only photosystem I is more
ancestral.
C) Photosystem II may have evolved to be more
photoprotective.
D) Linear electron flow is more primitive than cyclic
flow of electrons.
E) Cyclic flow is more necessary than linear electron
flow.
Answer: B
32. electron flow may be photoprotective (protective to
light-induced damage). Which of the following experiments could provide
information on this phenomenon?
A) use mutated organisms that can grow but that cannot
carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their abilities to photosynthesize
in different light intensities against those of wild-type organisms
B) use plants that can carry out both linear and cyclic
electron flow, or only one or another of these processes, and compare their
light absorbance at different wavelengths and different light intensities
C) use bacteria that have only cyclic flow and look for
their frequency of mutation damage at different light intensities
D) use bacteria with only cyclic flow and measure the
number and types of photosynthetic pigments they have in their membranes
E) use plants with only photosystem I operative and
measure how much damage occurs at different wavelengths
Answer: A
33. Carotenoids are often found in foods that are
considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related
function do they have in plants?
A) They serve as accessory pigments to increase light
absorption.
B) They protect against oxidative damage from excessive
light energy.
C) They shield the sensitive chromosomes of the plant
from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
D) They reflect orange light and enhance red light
absorption by chlorophyll.
E) They take up and remove toxins from the groundwater.
Answer: B
34. In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase
from the thylakoid space to the stroma. Therefore, the catalytic
"knobs" of ATP synthase would be located
A) on the side facing the thylakoid space.
B) on the ATP molecules themselves.
C) on the pigment molecules of photosystem I and
photosystem II.
D) on the stromal side of the membrane.
E) built into the center of the thylakoid stack (granum).
Answer: D
35. In metabolic processes of cell respiration and
photosynthesis, prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are
encountered in components of the electron transport chain. What do they do?
A) donate electrons
B) act as reducing agents
C) act as oxidizing agents
D) transport protons within the mitochondria and chloroplasts
E) both oxidize and reduce during electron transport
Answer: E
36. In a cyanobacterium, the reactions that produce NADPH
occur in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the chloroplast, but is not part of photosynthesis.
Answer: A
37. The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O₂) take
place in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis.
Answer: A
38. The accumulation of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere
began
A) with the origin of life and respiratory metabolism.
B) with the origin of photosynthetic bacteria that had
photosystem I.
C) with the origin of cyanobacteria that had both
photosystem I and photosystem II.
D) with the origin of chloroplasts in photosynthetic
eukaryotic algae.
E) with the origin of land plants.
Answer: C
39. A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a
control flask containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of
lights, which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark.
The dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored. Predict what
the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in the flask with algae
compared to the control flask.
A) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will
always be higher.
B) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will
always be lower.
C) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be
higher in the light, but the same in the dark.
D) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be
higher in the light, but lower in the dark.
E) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will not
be different from the control flask at any time.
Answer: D
40. Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle
take place?
A) stroma of the chloroplast
B) thylakoid membranes
C) matrix of the mitochondria
D) cytosol around the chloroplast
E) thylakoid space
Answer: A
41. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
A) use ATP to release carbon dioxide
B) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
C) split water and release oxygen
D) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast
E) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Answer: E
42. In C₃ photosynthesis, the reactions that require ATP
take place in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the chloroplast, but is not part of photosynthesis.
Answer: B
43. In a plant leaf, the reactions that produce NADH
occur in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the chloroplast, but is not part of photosynthesis.
Answer: D
44. The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle comes from
A) reactions initiated in photosystem I.
B) reactions initiated in photosystem II.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) glycolysis.
E) oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer: A
45. Reactions that require CO₂ take place in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the chloroplast, but is not part of photosynthesis.
Answer: B
46. Which of the following statements best represents the
relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
A) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the
Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺ to the light reactions.
B) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the
carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and
electrons to the light reactions.
C) The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO₂
to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with
sugars to produce ATP.
D) The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with
oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions
with water to split.
E) There is no relationship between the light reactions
and the Calvin cycle.
Answer: A
47. Three "turns" of the Calvin cycle generate
a "surplus" molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Which of
the following is a consequence of this?
A) Formation of a molecule of glucose would require nine
"turns."
B) G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides
than it does monosaccharides.
C) Some plants would not taste sweet to us.
D) The formation of sucrose and starch in plants involves
assembling G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements.
E) Plants accumulate and store G3P.
Answer: D
48. In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a
CO₂ to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two
molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?
A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH
B) inactivation of RuBP carboxylase enzyme
C) regeneration of ATP from ADP
D) regeneration of RuBP
E) regeneration of NADP⁺
Answer: D
49. The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been
measured, as have the pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant
cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find?
A) The pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the
stroma.
B) The pH of the stroma is lower than that of the other
two measurements.
C) The pH of the stroma is higher than that of the
thylakoid space but lower than that of the cytosol.
D) The pH of the thylakoid space is higher than that
anywhere else in the cell.
E) There is no consistent relationship.
Answer: A
50. The phylogenetic distribution of the enzyme rubisco
is limited to
A) C₃ plants only.
B) C₃ and C₄ plants.
C) all photosynthetic eukaryotes.
D) all known photoautotrophs, both bacterial and
eukaryotic.
E) all living cells.
Answer: D
51. Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with
A) CO₂.
B) O₂.
C) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D) 3-phosphoglycerate.
E) NADPH.
Answer: B
52. In an experiment studying photosynthesis performed
during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) dioxide as a
metabolic tracer. The ¹⁴C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate. The plant is
best characterized as a
A) C₄ plant.
B) C₃ plant.
C) CAM plant.
D) heterotroph.
E) chemoautotroph.
Answer: A
53. Why are C₄ plants able to photosynthesize with no
apparent photorespiration?
A) They do not participate in the Calvin cycle.
B) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO₂.
C) They are adapted to cold, wet climates.
D) They conserve water more efficiently.
E) They exclude oxygen from their tissues.
Answer: B
54. CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus
reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
A) fix CO₂ into organic acids during the night.
B) fix CO₂ into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells.
C) fix CO₂ into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells.
D) use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which outcompetes
rubisco for CO₂.
E) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night.
Answer: A
55. Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of
photosynthesis by
A) carbon dioxide molecules.
B) 3-phosphoglycerate molecules.
C) ATP molecules.
D) ribulose bisphosphate molecules.
E) RuBP carboxylase molecules.
Answer: B
56. The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the
C₄ or CAM systems are said to be compromises. Why?
A) Each one minimizes both water loss and rate of
photosynthesis.
B) C₄ compromises on water loss and CAM compromises on
photorespiration.
C) Both minimize photorespiration but expend more ATP
during carbon fixation.
D) CAM plants allow more water loss, while C₄ plants
allow less CO₂ into the plant.
E) C₄ plants allow less water loss but CAM plants allow
more water loss.
Answer: C
57. If plant gene alterations cause the plants to be
deficient in photorespiration, what would most probably occur?
A) Photosynthetic efficiency would be reduced at low
light intensities.
B) Cells would carry on the Calvin cycle at a much slower
rate.
C) Less ATP would be generated.
D) There would be more light-induced damage to the cells.
E) Less oxygen would be produced.
Answer: D
58. Compared to C₃ plants, C₄ plants
A) can continue to fix CO₂ even at relatively low CO2
concentrations and high oxygen concentrations.
B) have higher rates of photorespiration.
C) do not use rubisco for carbon fixation.
D) grow better under cool, moist conditions.
E) make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is
then delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria.
Answer: A
59. If atmospheric CO₂ concentrations increase twofold or
more, how will plants be affected, disregarding any changes in climate?
A) All plants will experience increased rates of
photosynthesis.
B) C₃ plants will have faster growth; C₄ plants will be
minimally affected.
C) C₄ plants will have faster growth; C₃ plants will be
minimally affected.
D) C₃ plants will have faster growth; C₄ plants will have
slower growth.
E) Plant growth will not be affected because atmospheric
CO₂ concentrations are never limiting for plant growth.
Answer: B
60. Plants photosynthesize only in the light. Plants
respire
A) in the dark only.
B) in the light only.
C) both in light and dark.
D) never–they get their ATP from photophosphorylation.
E) only when excessive light energy induces
photorespiration.
Answer: C
61. Figure Absorbance of chlorofil
shows the absorption spectrum for
chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they
different?
A) Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of
red and blue wavelengths.
B) Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments.
C) Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with
the absorption of light.
D) Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll
a.
E) Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen, which changes the
measurement of the rate of photosynthesis.
Answer: D
62. What wavelength of light in the figure is most
effective in driving photosynthesis?
A) 420 mm
B) 475 mm
C) 575 mm
D) 625 mm
E) 730 mm
Answer: A
63. If ATP used by this plant is labeled with radioactive
phosphorus, which molecule or molecules of the Calvin cycle will be
radioactively labeled first?
A) B only
B) B and C only
C) B, C, and D only
D) B and E only
E) B, C, D, and E
Answer: D
64. If the carbon atom of the incoming CO₂ molecule is
labeled with a radioactive isotope of carbon, which organic molecules will be
radioactively labeled after one cycle?
A) C only
B) B, C, D, and E
C) C, D, and E only
D) B and C only
E) B and D only
Answer: B
65. Which molecule(s) of the Calvin cycle is (are) also
found in glycolysis?
A) B, C, E, and 3-phosphoglycerate
B) B, C, and E only
C) 3-phosphoglycerate only
D) B, C, D, and 3-phosphoglycerate only
E) E only
Answer: D
66. To identify the molecule that accepts CO₂, Calvin and
Benson manipulated the carbon-fixation cycle by either cutting off CO₂ or
cutting off light from cultures of photosynthetic algae. They then measured the
concentrations of various metabolites immediately following the manipulation.
How would these experiments help identify the CO₂ acceptor? Study Figure to help you in determining the correct answer.
A) The CO₂ acceptor concentration would decrease when
either the CO₂ or light are cut off.
B) The CO₂ acceptor concentration would increase when
either the CO₂ or light are cut off.
C) The CO₂ acceptor concentration would increase when the
CO₂ is cut off, but decrease when the light is cut off.
D) The CO₂ acceptor concentration would decrease when the
CO₂ is cut off, but increase when the light is cut off.
E) The CO₂ acceptor concentration would stay the same
regardless of the CO₂ or light.
Answer: C
67. Which of the following statements is true concerning
Figure ?
A) It represents cell processes involved in C₄
photosynthesis.
B) It represents the type of cell structures found in CAM
plants.
C) It represents an adaptation that maximizes
photorespiration.
D) It represents a C₃ photosynthetic system.
E) It represents a relationship between plant cells that
photosynthesize and those that cannot.
Answer: A
68. Referring to Figure
Oxygen would inhibit the
CO₂ fixation reactions in
A) cell I only.
B) cell II only.
C) neither cell I nor cell II.
D) both cell I and cell II.
E) cell I during the night and cell II during the day.
Answer: B
69. A gardener is concerned that her greenhouse is
getting too hot from too much light, and seeks to shade her plants with colored
translucent plastic sheets. What color should she use to reduce overall light
energy, but still maximize plant growth?
A) green
B) blue
C) yellow
D) orange
E) any color will work equally well
Answer: B
70. Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae
with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of
algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then
noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups
were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.
What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of
bacteria in the red and blue areas?
A) Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these
areas.
B) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase
in the temperature of the red and blue light.
C) Bacteria congregated in these areas because these
areas had the most oxygen being released.
D) Bacteria are attracted to red and blue light and thus
these wavelengths are more reactive than other wavelengths.
E) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase
in the temperature caused by an increase in photosynthesis.
Answer: C
71. Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae
with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of
algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then
noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups
were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.
An outcome of this experiment was to help determine
A) the relationship between heterotrophic and autotrophic
organisms.
B) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the
rate of aerobic respiration.
C) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the
amount of heat released.
D) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the
rate of photosynthesis.
E) the relationship between the concentration of carbon
dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis.
Answer: D
72. Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae
with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of
algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then
noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups
were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.
If you ran the same experiment without passing light
through a prism, what would you predict?
A) There would be no difference in results.
B) The bacteria would be relatively evenly distributed
along the algal filaments.
C) The number of bacteria present would decrease due to
an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration.
D) The number of bacteria present would increase due to
an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration.
E) The number of bacteria would decrease due to a
decrease in the temperature of the water.
Answer: B
73. A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a
multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown
to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide.
Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for
photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. What wavelengths of
light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy
expenditure?
A) full-spectrum white light
B) green light
C) a mixture of blue and red light
D) yellow light
E) UV light
Answer: C
74. A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a
multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown
to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide.
If the power fails and the lights go dark, what will
happen to CO₂ levels?
A) CO₂ will rise as a result of both animal and plant
respiration.
B) CO₂ will rise as a result of animal respiration only.
C) CO₂ will remain balanced because plants will continue
to fix CO₂ in the dark.
D) CO₂ will fall because plants will increase CO₂
fixation.
E) CO₂ will fall because plants will cease to respire in
the dark.
Answer: A
75. The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the
Calvin cycle with
A) light energy.
B) CO₂ and ATP.
C) H₂O and NADPH.
D) ATP and NADPH.
E) sugar and O₂.
Answer: D
76. Which of the following sequences correctly represents
the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
A) NADPH → O₂ → CO₂
B) H₂O → NADPH → Calvin cycle
C) NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle
D) H₂O → photosystem I → photosystem II
E) NADPH → electron transport chain → O₂
Answer: B
77. How is photosynthesis similar in C₄ plants and CAM
plants?
A) In both cases, only photosystem I is used.
B) Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin
cycle.
C) In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon
initially.
D) Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the
dark.
E) In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in
photosynthesis.
Answer: C
78. Which of the following statements is a correct
distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
A) Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the
environment.
B) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs.
C) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria.
D) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish
themselves beginning with CO₂ and other nutrients that are inorganic.
E) Only heterotrophs require oxygen.
Answer: D
79. Which of the following does not occur during the
Calvin cycle?
A) carbon fixation
B) oxidation of NADPH
C) release of oxygen
D) regeneration of the CO₂ acceptor
E) consumption of ATP
Answer: C
80. In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to
A) substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.
B) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
C) the Calvin cycle.
D) carbon fixation.
E) reduction of NADP⁺.
Answer: B
81. Which process is most directly driven by light energy?
A) creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across
the thylakoid membrane
B) carbon fixation in the stroma
C) reduction of NADP⁺ molecules
D) removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
E) ATP synthesis
Answer : D
TUTORIAL
TUTORIAL
Foton = cahaya
Sintesis = Membuat/ menggabungkan
Fotosintesis : Menggunakan cahaya untuk membuat makanan
Fotosintesis : Proses penyusunan /pembentukan makanan
dari senyawa organik yang sederhana menjadi senyawa organik yang kompleks
dengan bantuan sinar matahari (Kimball, 2002).
Faktor yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis:
1. Cahaya
2. Suhu
3. Kadar
Air
4. Konsentrasi CO2
5. Kelembaban
6. Usia
Tumbuhan
Percobaan Ingenhousz
|
Pengertian
|
Bahan
|
Perlakuan
|
Hasil
|
|
percobaan yang bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwafotosintesis mampu menghasilkan O2 (Oksigen)yang
dilihat melalui gelembung
|
Hydrilla
sp
Air
Cahaya
|
Lamp. 60 W
Lamp. 100 W
Cahaya matahari
|
Gelembung O2
paling banyak pada cahaya matahari karena intensitas dan panjang gelombangnya
lebih tinggi dari lampu (kecuali mendung). Sehingga proses fotosintesisnya
tinggi.
|
Pigmen Klorofil
Merupakan pigmen yang memberi warna hijau yang berfungsi
menangkap energi cahaya dan mengkonversinya menjadi energi kimia dalam proses
fotosintesis.
Tumbuhan memiliki bebebapa pigmen yaitu:
1.
Klorofil : hijau Fungsi: menangkap cahaya untuk
fotosintesis
2.
Fikosianin : biru
3.
Xantofil : kuning
4.
Fikosantin : coklat
5.
Fikoeritrin : merah
6.
Karoten : emas / orange
Panjang gelombang cahaya klorofil
Hasil Percobaan:
•
Melihat adanya klorofil a, b, dan total (melalui
perhitungan)
•
Klorofil a terdapat paling banyak pada daun,
terutama daun hijau.
•
Klorofil a lebih besar dari klorofil b, klorofil
a terdapat sekitar 75% dari total klorofil, karena klorofil a yang mampu menangkap
gelombang cahaya sempurna (merah – biru) dan melakukan fotosintesis. Klorofil b
mampu menyerap cahaya biru – jingga. Klorofil total paling banyak terdapat pada
daun hijau.
Catatan:
1. Apakah
kandungan klorofil tiap daun sama?
2. Tidak,
tergantung umur dan tipe daun. semakin tua umur tanaman maka akan semakin lebar
bagian daunnya, dan memiliki metabolisme yang sempurna, sehingga kandungan
klorofilnya juga tinggi.
3. Apakah
daun yang tidak berwarna hijau kandungan klorofilnya sedikit?
Tidak, hanya saja perbedaan pigmen yang terkandung pada
daun berwarna selain hijau mempengaruhi warna daun saja, tidak mempengaruhi
jumlah klorofil.
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