Pagi ini saya menemukan buku dengan seri soal sederhana tentang Reproduksi namun mendalam hanya perlu mikir karena bahasa nya Inggris , Ayo belajar ...atau pakai language yang tersedia di kanan dengan dirubah indonesia OK
SOAL REPRODUKSI
1) If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in
having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the
following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line
of such plants?
A) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain
another plant with the same traits.
B) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker
traits.
C) Clone the plant asexually to produce an identical one.
D) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an
identical one.
E) Add nitrogen to the soil of the offspring of this
plant so the desired traits continue.
Answer: C
2) The human genome is minimally contained in which of
the following?
A) every human cell
B) each human chromosome
C) the entire DNA of a single human
D) the entire human population
E) each human gene
Answer: A
3) In the human species, all somatic cells have 46
chromosomes. Which of the following can also be true?
A) A plant species (privet shrubs) has 46 chromosomes per
cell.
B) Some adult humans have 69 chromosomes per cell.
C) Some adult humans have 23 chromosomes per cell.
D) A certain fungal species has only one chromosome per
cell.
E) A certain bacterial species has 23 chromosomes.
Answer: A
4) Which of the following is a true statement about
sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is
characteristic of plants and fungi.
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of
their genes to each of their offspring.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by
fertilization without meiosis.
D) Sexual reproduction requires that parents be diploid.
E) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.
Answer: B
5) Which of the following defines a genome?
A) representation of a complete set of a cell's
polypeptides
B) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
C) the complete set of a species' polypeptides
D) a karyotype
E) the complete set of an organism's genes
Answer: E
6) At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually
photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?
A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) interphase
Answer: B
7) The human X and Y chromosomes
A) are both present in every somatic cell of males and
females alike.
B) are of approximately equal size and number of genes.
C) are almost entirely homologous, despite their
different names.
D) include genes that determine an individual's sex.
E) include only genes that govern sex determination.
Answer: D
8) Which of the following is true of a species that has a
chromosome number of 2n = 16?
A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.
B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.
C) Each cell has eight homologous pairs.
D) During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32
separate chromosomes.
E) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.
Answer: C
9) Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous
variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in
common?
I. Alternation of generations
II. Meiosis
III. Fertilization
IV. Gametes
V. Spores
A) I, IV, and V
B) I, II, and IV
C) II, III, and IV
D) II, IV, and V
E) I, II, III, IV, and V
Answer: C
10) Which of these statements is false?
A) In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a
homologous paternal chromosome.
B) In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes,
determines whether the person is female (XX) or male (XY).
C) Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and
sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote.
D) At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid
gametes by meiosis.
E) Sexual life cycles differ with respect to the relative
timing of meiosis and fertilization.
Answer: D
11) Referring to a plant's sexual life cycle, which of
the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation
of gametes?
A) sporophyte meiosis
B) gametophyte mitosis
C) gametophyte meiosis
D) sporophyte mitosis
E) alternation of generations
Answer: B
12) Which of the following is an example of alternation
of generations?
A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but
the parent has blond hair.
B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a
spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the
gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
D) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and
the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis.
E) A diploid cell divides by mitosis to produce two
diploid daughter cells, which then fuse to produce a tetraploid cell.
Answer: B
13) The karyotype of one species of primate has 48
chromosomes. In a particular female, cell division goes awry and she produces
one of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25). The most probable source of this
error would be a mistake in which of the following?
A) mitosis in her ovary
B) metaphase I of one meiotic event
C) telophase II of one meiotic event
D) telophase I of one meiotic event
E) either anaphase I or II
Answer: E
14) A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype.
We can therefore conclude which of the following?
A) It must be human.
B) It must be a primate.
C) It must be an animal.
D) It must be sexually reproducing.
E) Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.
Answer: E
15) A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes.
If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is
triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?
A) 63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs
B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
C) 63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids
D) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes
Answer: B
16) A karyotype results from which of the following?
A) a natural cellular arrangement of chromosomes in the
nucleus
B) an inherited ability of chromosomes to arrange
themselves
C) the ordering of human chromosome images
D) the cutting and pasting of parts of chromosomes to
form the standard array
E) the separation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase
I of meiosis
Answer: C
17) Which of the following best describes a karyotype?
A) a pictorial representation of all the genes for a
species
B) a display of each of the chromosomes of a single cell
C) the combination of all the maternal and paternal
chromosomes of a species
D) the collection of all the chromosomes in an individual
organism
E) a photograph of all the cells with missing or extra
chromosomes
Answer: B
18) If a cell has completed the first meiotic division
and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate
description of its contents?
A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began
meiosis.
B) It has the same number of chromosomes but each of them
has different alleles than another cell from the same meiosis.
C) It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the
originating cell.
D) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes
as the originating cell.
E) It is identical in content to another cell from the
same meiosis.
Answer: A
19) Which of the following can utilize both mitosis and
meiosis in the correct circumstances?
A) a haploid animal cell
B) a diploid cell from a plant stem
C) any diploid animal cell
D) a plantlike protist
E) an archaebacterium
Answer: D
20) Which of the following might result in a human zygote
with 45 chromosomes?
A) an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase
B) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the
sperm
C) fertilization of a 23 chromosome human egg by a 22
chromosome sperm of a closely related species
D) an error in the alignment of chromosomes on the
metaphase plate
E) lack of chiasmata in prophase I
Answer: A
21) The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46
chromosomes. To be as different as they are from human cells, which have the
same number of chromosomes, which of the following must be true?
A) Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually.
B) Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse
with human chromosomes in the laboratory.
C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly
different than those in humans.
D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals
than like other shrubs.
E) Genes on a particular privet chromosome, such as the
X, must be on a different human chromosome, such as number 18.
Answer: C
22) In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs.
If we choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the
two chromosomes of the pair have in common?
A) Length and position of the centromere only.
B) Length, centromere position, and staining pattern
only.
C) Length, centromere position, staining pattern, and
traits coded for by their genes.
D) Length, centromere position, staining pattern, and DNA
sequences.
E) They have nothing in common except they are X-shaped.
Answer: C
23) After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup
of each daughter cell is
A) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a
single chromatid.
B) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two
chromatids.
C) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a
single chromatid.
D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two
chromatids.
E) tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of
two chromatids.
Answer: D
24) How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare
with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?
A) They have twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the
amount of DNA.
B) They have half the number of chromosomes and half the
amount of DNA.
C) They have the same number of chromosomes and half the
amount of DNA.
D) They have half the number of chromosomes and
one-fourth the amount of DNA.
E) They have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the
amount of DNA.
Answer: D
25) When does the synaptonemal complex disappear?
A) late prophase of meiosis I
B) during fertilization or fusion of gametes
C) early anaphase of meiosis I
D) mid-prophase of meiosis II
E) late metaphase of meiosis II
Answer: A
26) Which of the following happens at the conclusion of
meiosis I?
A) Homologous chromosomes are separated.
B) The chromosome number per cell is conserved.
C) Sister chromatids are separated.
D) Four daughter cells are formed.
E) The sperm cells elongate to form a head and a tail
end.
Answer: A
27) A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are
genetically different.
A) The statement is true for mitosis only.
B) The statement is true for meiosis I only.
C) The statement is true for meiosis II only.
D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I.
E) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.
Answer: B
28) Chromatids are separated from each other.
A) The statement is true for mitosis only.
B) The statement is true for meiosis I only.
C) The statement is true for meiosis II only.
D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I.
E) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.
Answer: E
29) Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs.
A) The statement is true for mitosis only.
B) The statement is true for meiosis I only.
C) The statement is true for meiosis II only.
D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I.
E) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.
Answer: B
30) Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in
mitosis?
A) chromosome replication
B) synapsis of chromosomes
C) production of daughter cells
D) alignment of chromosomes at the equator
E) condensation of chromatin
Answer: B
31) If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in
the organism has 18 known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that
species can/must have which of the following?
A) at most, 2 alleles for that gene
B) up to 18 chromosomes with that gene
C) up to 18 genes for that trait
D) a haploid number of 9 chromosomes
E) up to, but not more than, 18 different traits
Answer: A
32) Whether during mitosis or meiosis, sister chromatids
are held together by proteins referred to as cohesins. Such molecules must have
which of the following properties?
A) They must persist throughout the cell cycle.
B) They must be removed before meiosis can begin.
C) They must be removed before anaphase can occur.
D) They must reattach to chromosomes during G₁.
E) They must be intact for nuclear envelope reformation.
Answer: C
33) Experiments with cohesins have found that
A) cohesins are protected from destruction throughout
meiosis I and II.
B) cohesins are cleaved from chromosomes at the
centromere before anaphase I.
C) cohesins are protected from cleavage at the centromere
during meiosis I.
D) a protein cleaves cohesins before metaphase I.
E) a protein that cleaves cohesins would cause cellular
death.
Answer: C
34) A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA
strands?
A) two single-stranded chromosomes that have synapsed
B) two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed
C) four sets of sister chromatids
D) four sets of unique chromosomes
E) eight sets of sister chromatids
Answer: B
35) When we see chiasmata under a microscope, that lets
us know which of the following has occurred?
A) asexual reproduction
B) meiosis II
C) anaphase II
D) prophase I
E) separation of homologs
Answer: D
36) To view and analyze human chromosomes in a dividing
cell, which of the following is/are required?
A) electron microscope
B) radioactive staining
C) fluorescent staining
D) DNA stain and a light microscope
E) a stain particular to human cells
Answer: D
37) To visualize and identify meiotic cells at metaphase
with a microscope, what would you look for?
A) sister chromatids grouped at the poles
B) individual chromosomes all at the cell's center
C) an uninterrupted spindle array
D) the synaptonemal complex
E) tetrads all aligned at the cell's center
Answer: E
For the following question, match the key event of
meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase I V. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
38) Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of
the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment.
A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) VI
E) VIII
Answer: B
For the following question, match the key event of
meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase I V. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
39) Synaptonemal complexes form or are still present.
A) I only
B) I and IV only
C) I and VIII only
D) II and VI only
E) I, II, III, and IV only
Answer: A
For the following question, match the key event of
meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase I V. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
40) Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and
chromatids separate.
A) II
B) III
C) IV
D) V
E) VII
Answer: E
The following question refers to the essential steps in
meiosis described below.
1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the
chromosomes present in the parental nucleus
2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate
3. Separation of sister chromatids
4. Separation of the homologs; no uncoupling of the
centromere
5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell
in pairs
41) Which of the steps takes place in both mitosis and
meiosis?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 2 and 3 only
E) 2, 3, and 5
Answer: B
42) How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic
variation in a species?
A) by allowing crossing over
B) by allowing fertilization
C) by increasing gene stability
D) by conserving chromosomal gene order
E) by decreasing mutation frequency
Answer: A
43) For a species with a haploid number of 23
chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosomes are possible for the gametes?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 460
D) 920
E) about 8 million
Answer: E
44) Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of
A) the random and independent way in which each pair of
homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
B) the random nature of the fertilization of ova by
sperm.
C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to
the two daughter cells during anaphase II.
D) the relatively small degree of homology shared by the
X and Y chromosomes.
E) the random and independent way in which each pair of
homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I, the
random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm, the random distribution of
the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II, and the
relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes.
Answer: A
45) Which of the following best describes the frequency
of crossing over in mammals?
A) ~50 per chromosome pair
B) ~2 per meiotic cell
C) at least 1-2 per chromosome pair
D) ~1 per pair of sister chromatids
E) a very rare event among hundreds of cells
Answer: C
46) When homologous chromosomes crossover, what occurs?
A) Two chromatids get tangled, resulting in one
re-sequencing its DNA.
B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of
DNA.
C) Specific proteins break the two strands and re-join
them with their homologs.
D) Each of the four DNA strands of a tetrad is broken and
the pieces are mixed.
E) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like
paternal alleles and vice versa.
Answer: C
47, See image
Which of the life cycles is typical for animals?
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) I and III
Answer: A
48) Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and
some algae?
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) I and III
Answer: C
49) Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi
and some protists?
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) I and III
Answer: B
50) In part III of Figure the progression of events
corresponds to which of the following series?
A) zygote, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, fertilization,
zygote, mitosis
B) sporophyte, meiosis, spore, mitosis, gametophyte,
mitosis, gametes, fertilization
C) fertilization, mitosis, multicellular haploid,
mitosis, spores, sporophyte
D) gametophyte, meiosis, zygote, spores, sporophyte,
zygote
E) meiosis, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, adult,
meiosis
Answer: B
51) In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of
Figure
if the zygote's chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true?
if the zygote's chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true?
A) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 10 and
the gametophyte's is 5.
B) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 5 and
the gametophyte's is 10.
C) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 10
chromosomes per cell.
D) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 5 chromosomes
per cell.
E) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 20
chromosomes per cell.
Answer: A
52. card image Figure of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as
they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis
Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?
A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) V
E) VI
Answer: A
53. card image Figure of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as
they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis
Which diagram(s) represent anaphase II of meiosis?
A) II only
B) III only
C) IV only
D) V only
E) either II or V
Answer: D
54. card image
You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.
You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.
Which sample of DNA might be from a nerve cell
arrested in G0 of the cell cycle?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) either I or II
E) either I or III
Answer: A
55. card image
You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of
an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the
results on the graph shown in Figure Refer to the graph to answer the
following questions.
55) Which sample might represent an animal cell in the G2
phase of the cell cycle?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) both I and II
E) either II or III
Answer: B
56. card image
You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of
an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the
results on the graph shown in Figure Refer to the graph to answer the
following questions. Which sample might represent a zygote?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) either I or II
E) either II or III
Answer: A
57. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either
blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12,
and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on
chromosome 19, as shown in Figure
A certain female's number 12 chromosomes both have
the blue gene and number 19 chromosomes both have the long gene. As cells in
her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova) may have which of the
following?
A) either two number 12 chromosomes with blue genes or
two with orange genes
B) either two number 19 chromosomes with long genes or
two with short genes
C) either one blue or one orange gene in addition to
either one long or one short gene
D) one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome
19 with one long gene
Answer: D
58. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either
blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12,
and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on
chromosome 19, as shown in Figure
If a female of this species has one chromosome 12
with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, and has both
number 19 chromosomes with short genes, she will produce which of the following
egg types?
A) only blue short gene eggs
B) only orange short gene eggs
C) one-half blue short and one-half orange short gene
eggs
D) three-fourths blue long and one-fourth orange short
gene eggs
E) three-fourths blue short and one-fourth orange short
gene eggs
Answer: C
59. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either
blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12,
and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on
chromosome 19, as shown in Figure
A female with a paternal set of one orange and one
long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short
gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs
after meiosis?
A) All eggs will have maternal types of gene
combinations.
B) All eggs will have paternal types of gene
combinations.
C) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have
paternal combinations.
D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue
long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.
E) Each egg has a three-fourths chance of having blue
long, one-fourth blue short, three-fourths orange long, or one-fourth orange
short combinations.
Answer: D
60. There is a group of invertebrate animals called rotifers,
among which a particular group of species reproduces, as far as is known, only
asexually. These rotifers, however, have survived a long evolutionary history
without evidence of having been overcome by excessive mutations.
Since the rotifers develop from eggs, but asexually,
what can you predict?
A) The eggs and the zygotes are all haploid.
B) The animals are all hermaphrodites.
C) While asexual, both males and females are found in
nature.
D) All males can produce eggs.
E) No males can be found.
Answer: E
61. There is a group of invertebrate animals called rotifers,
among which a particular group of species reproduces, as far as is known, only
asexually. These rotifers, however, have survived a long evolutionary history
without evidence of having been overcome by excessive mutations.
Assuming that the eggs are diploid, tetraploid, or
partially tetraploid, what mechanism may still occur without fertilization?
A) meiosis in each generation
B) meiosis in every second generation
C) independent assortment of maternal and paternal
chromosomes
D) meiosis in times of adverse environmental conditions
E) crossing over of homologs
Answer: E
62. There is a group of invertebrate animals called rotifers,
among which a particular group of species reproduces, as far as is known, only
asexually. These rotifers, however, have survived a long evolutionary history
without evidence of having been overcome by excessive mutations.
In these asexual rotifers, how does variation occur
without meiosis and fertilization?
A) The rotifers have evolved a different mechanism to
exchange DNA.
B) Rotifers must produce haploid spores.
C) Variation is caused by mutation and maintained by
selection.
D) Some rotifers must selectively lose chromosomes.
E) Rotifers must live only in specialized environments.
Answer: C
63) How is natural selection related to sexual
reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene
combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction.
B) Sexual reproduction results in the most appropriate
and healthiest balance of two sexes in the population.
C) Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of
new mutations.
D) Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of
offspring to be produced.
E) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than
asexual reproduction.
Answer: A
64) A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y
chromosome is
A) a sperm.
B) an egg.
C) a zygote.
D) a somatic cell of a male.
E) a somatic cell of a female.
Answer: A
65) Which life cycle stage is found in plants but not
animals?
A) gamete
B) zygote
C) multicellular diploid
D) multicellular haploid
E) unicellular diploid
Answer: D
66) Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of
a dividing cell during
A) mitosis.
B) meiosis I.
C) meiosis II.
D) fertilization.
E) binary fission.
Answer: B
67) Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
A) sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
B) DNA replicates before the division.
C) the daughter cells are diploid.
D) homologous chromosomes synapse.
E) the chromosome number is reduced.
Answer: A
68) If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G₁ phase
of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of
meiosis I would be
A) 0.25x.
B) 0.5x.
C) x.
D) 2x.
E) 4x.
Answer: D
69) If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G₁ phase
of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of
meiosis II would be
A) 0.25x.
B) 0.5x.
C) x.
D) 2x.
E) 4x.
Answer: C
70) How many different combinations of maternal and
paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a
diploid number of 8(2n = 8)?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32Answer : D
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